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Yellowstone  National  Park. 


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FLOEA 


OF  THE 


Yellowstone  National  Park 


BY 

FRA  N  K  TWEEDY. 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C. : 
PUBLISHED   BY  THE  AUTHOR. 


1886. 


LIBRARY 

laKYSasrry  of        :foknja 

DAVTS 


Wm.  P.  Kildare,  Printer,  734  &  736  Sansom  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


PEEFACE. 


In  the  following  general  notes  on  the  flora  of  the  Yellowstone 
National  Park  but  little  has  been  attempted  beyond  an  enumer- 
ation of  the  Flowering  Plants  (Phaenogamia)  and  Yascular 
C^ptogams  (Pteridophyta). 

The  list  of  plants  has  been  compiled  from  the  following 
sources,  neglecting  a  few  species  in  the  older  collections,  of 
doubtful  synonymy : — 

A  collection  of  605  species  made  by  the  author  in  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park  during  August  and  September,  1884,  and  June,  July,  August 
and  September,  1885. 

A  collection  made  by  Robert  Adams,  Jr.,  in  1871. 

In  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Montana  and  adjacent  Terr.     F.  V.  Hayden. 
Wash.,  1872. 

By  Prof.  John  M.  Coulter  in  1872, 

In  U.   S.   Geol.   Surv.   Montana,    Idaho,   Wyoming  and  Utah. 
F.  V.  Hayden.     Wash.,  1873. 

By  Dr.  C.  C.  Parry  in  1873. 

In  Reconnaissance  of  Northwestern  Wyoming.  Capt.  W.  A.  Jones. 
Wash.,  1874. 

By  Dr.  W.  H.  Forwood  in  1881. 

In  Report  of  Lieut.  Gen.  P.  H.  Sheridan  of  his  Expedition  through 
the  Big  Horn  Mts.,  Yellowstone  Park,  etc.     Wash.,  1882. 

By  Dr.  W.  H.  Forwood,  in  1882. 

In  Report  of  an  Exploration  of  parts  of  Wyoming,  Idaho  and 
Montana,  made  by  Lieut.  Gen.  P.  H.  Sheridan.     Wash.,  1882. 

The  thanks  of  the  author  are  due  to  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  Sereno 
Watson,  Wm.  M.  Canby,  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent,  Dr.  Geo.  Yasey, 
F.  L.  Scribner,  M.  S.  Bebb,  and  Wm.  Boott,  for  the  determina- 
tion of  nearly  all  the  species  of  his  collection. 

FRANK  TWEEDY. 
Washington,  D.  C,  April  4,  18SG. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

Microsoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/floraofyellowstoOOtweerich 


FLOEA 


YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK 


TOPOGRAPHIC  FEATURES. 

♦  The  Yellowstone  National  Park,  with  the  exception  of  a 
narrow  strip  two  miles  wide  on  the  north  and  northwest  in 
Montana,  and  on  the  southwest  in  Idaho,  lies  in  the  extreme 
northwest  corner  of  Wyoming.  It  has  a  length  north  and  south 
of  sixty-two  miles,  and  a  breadth  of  fifty-four  miles,  containing 
about  3350  square  miles.  Aside  from  the  wonderful  geyser 
basins  and  hundreds  of  boiling  springs,  but  few  regions  can 
compare  with  it  in  the  variety  of  its  topographic  features : — 
Plateaus  diversified  by  deep  canons,  lakes,  and  ponds  of  the 
greatest  beauty  of  outline  ;  mountain  ranges  of  ever3r  possible 
description,  from  the  rounded  massive  form  to  those  of  the  most 
rugged  and  precipitous  character. 

The  central  and  southern  portion  of  the  Park  is,  for  the  most 
part,  with  the  exception  of  the  isolated  Red  Mountain  Range  in 
the  extreme  south,  a  high  rolling,  heavily  timbered  country, 
mainly  plateau  from  7500-10,000  feet  in  altitude,  the  latter 
height  being  reached  only  on  the  high  volcanic  plateaus  in  the 
extreme  southeast. 

In  the  northwest  rises  the  Gallatin  Range,  culminating  in 
Electric  Peak,  11,000  feet  above  sea  level.  On  the  eastern 
border  lie  the  rugged  volcanic  peaks  of  the  Absaroka  x  or  Yel- 
lowstone Range,  reaching  elevations  of  10,800  feet  on  the  north- 

1  Abs.iroka  is  the  Indian  name  of  the  Crow  Nation,  whose  reservation  is 
on  the  eastern  slope  of  this  range  of  mountains. 


6  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

east,  and  over  11,000  feet  on  the  southeast.  The  continental 
divide  crosses  the  Park  in  its  southwestern  part,  and  is  generally 
broad,  ill-defined,  and  heavily  timbered  throughout.  It  has  an 
elevation  of  from  8000-9500  feet,  at  one  point  but  150  feet  above 
Yellowstone  Lake. 

On  the  western  slope  of  the  divide  are  the  tributaries  of  the 
Snake  River — the  Lewis  Fork  of  the  Columbia — and  on  the 
eastern  those  of  the  Missouri ;  the  latter  including  the  Madison 
and  East  Gallatin  on  the  west  and  northwest,  the  Stinkingwater, 
a  tributary  of  the  Big  Horn,  on  the  southeast,  and  the  Yellow- 
stone River.  The  latter,  which  drains  more  than  half  (2000  sq. 
miles)  the  area  of  the  Park,  enters  at  the  southeast  corner  at  an 
elevation  of  7900  feet,  and  flowing  about  northwest  through 
Yellowstone  Lake  and  the  Grand  Canon,  crosses  the  northern 
boundary  at  an  altitude  of  5300  feet.  Yellowstone  Lake  (7T40 
feet),  the  largest  lake  at  great  elevation  in  North  America,  has  a 
length  and  breadth  of  respectively  twenty  and  fifteen  miles;  a 
depth  of  300  feet,  and  an  area  of  150  square  miles.  The  shore 
line,  indented  by  several  large  bays,  is  over  100  miles. 

The  beautiful  curves  of  the  sandy  beaches  and  crystal  purity 
of  its  waters,  make  it  an  object  of  unusual  interest.  With  the 
exception  of  the  Yellowstone  Range,  rising  from  its  eastern 
shore,  it  is  surrounded  by  a  generally  low,  heavily  timbered 
country.  A  few  miles  southwest  on  the  opposite  slope  of  the 
continental  divide,  are  the  little  gems  of  Heart,  Lewis,  and 
Shoshone  Lakes,  varying  in  length  from  three  to  six  miles. 

The  Yellowstone  River,  from  the  southern  boundary  to  the 
lake — fifteen  miles — is  a  sluggish,  tortuous  stream,  bordered  by 
meadow  and  swamp  two  miles  in  width.  The  slopes  down  to  the 
valley  are  bold  and  precipitous,  the  surrounding  country  being 
a  high  volcanic  plateau  of  10,000  feet  altitude,  and  over.  The 
spurs  of  the  Yellowstone  Range  making  down  to  the  lake  are 
heavily  timbered,  becoming  less  so  towards  the  south.  Pelican 
Creek,  draining  the  south  end  of  Mirror  Lake  Plateau,  enters 
the  lake  near  the  outlet.  Meadows  from  a  half  to  a  mile  in  width 
border  the  lower  portion  of  its  course.  At  the  outlet  of  Yellow- 
stone Lake  on  the  west  abuts  the  heavily  timbered  plateau  of  the 
Elephant  Back  (8500  feet),  which  running  westward  a  few  miles, 
splits  into  two  parts,  one  merging  into  the  continental  divide  on 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  7 

the  southwest,  and  the  other  turning  to  the  northward  forms  a 
narrow  divide  between  the  Madison  and  Yellowstone,  and 
broadening  out,  again  divides,  one  branch  sweeping  around  to  the 
head  of  the  Grand  Canon,  and  the  other,  much  broken  by  lateral 
and  transverse  drainages,  continuing  northward  nearly  to  the 
Mammoth  Hot  Springs.  The  low  semicircular  depression  thus 
formed  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Yellowstone,  is  known  as 
Hayden  Valley,  and  has  formed  a  portion  of  the  ancient 
Yellowstone  Lake.     It  is  drained  mainly  by  Alum  Creek. 

At  the  head  of  the  Grand  Canon  are  the  Upper  and  Lower  or 
Great  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone,  half  a  mile  apart;  they  are  108 
and  309  feet  in  height.  East  of  Alum  Creek  is  the  region  of 
Sour  Creek,  broken  by  low,  heavily  timbered  ridges,  extending 
to  Mirror  Lake  Plateau  on  the  east.  North  of  the  Grand  Canon 
is  the  crescent-shaped  Mt.  Washburne  Range,  the  opening  towards 
the  Yellowstone  River,  and  drained  by  Tower  Creek.  The 
interior  slopes  of  this  crater-like  area  and  the  rhyolite  plateau 
along  Tower  Creek  are  densely  timbered,  except  about  Antelope 
Creek.  Broad  and  Deep  Creeks,  which  have  cut  deep  canons  in 
the  plateau,  enter  the  Yellowstone  east  of  Mt.  Washburne,  and 
north  of  these  are  the  slopes  of  Amethyst  Mountain  and  Speci- 
men Ridge.  The  East  Fork,  the  main  branch  of  the  Yellowstone, 
joins  it  from  the  east  about  twenty  miles  above  where  the  Yellow- 
stone crosses  the  northern  boundary  of  the  Park  at  its  junction 
with  the  Gardiner  River.  This  portion  of  the  main  river  is 
called  the  Third  Canon.  It  has  little  of  the  well-defined  walls 
of  the  Grand  Canon.  On  the  east  rise  precipitous  granite  slopes 
several  thousand  feet.  On  the  west  the  country  is  much  lower 
and  has  more  of  a  plateau  character,  and  here  about  Blacktail 
Deer  Creek  and  on  Mt.  Evarts,  are  large  grass-covered  areas, 
interspersed  with  groves  of  timber,  and  extending,  in  some  cases, 
up  the  northern  slopes  of  the  Mt.  Washburne  amphitheatre. 
The  East  Fork  from  its  junction  with  the  Yellowstone  to  Cache 
Creek — about  sixteen  miles — runs  through  an  open  grass- 
covered  valley  from  l-l^  miles  in  width.  Its  main  branches — 
Slough,  Soda  Butte,  Cache,  Calfee  and  Miller  Creeks,  flow  from 
the  east,  draining  the  Yellowstone  Range.  On  the  west  it  receives 
numerous  small  drainages  from  Specimen  Ridge  and  the  Mirror 
Lake  Plateau.     On  both  sides,  as  far  as  Cache  Creek  and  above 


8  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

it  for  a  few  miles  on  the  east,  the  adjacent  slopes  are  only  par- 
tially forest-covered.  Above  Cache  Creek  the  East  Fork  runs 
in  a  well-timbered  caiion.  The  short  streams  from  the  Mirror 
Lake  Plateau  head  in  beautiful  little  grassy  parks  often  of  a 
hundred  acres  in  extent.  The  valleys  of  the  main  stream  and 
its  principal  tributaries,  Slough  and  Soda  Butte  Creeks,  are  low 
within  the  boundaries  of  the  Park,  ranging  in  altitude  from 
6800-7500  feet,  but  the  immediate  slopes  in  the  northeastern 
portion  rise  precipitously  to  ragged  and  bare  peaks  and  ridges 
10,000-10,800  feet  in  altitude.  North  of  Slough  Creek  is  an  area 
of  high,  sparsely-timbered  plateau.  On  the  Gardiner  River,  four 
miles  south  of  the  northern  boundary,  is  located  the  terraced 
group  of  the  Mammoth  Hot  Springs.  About  here,  and  nearly 
around  Swan  Lake  and  Indian  Creek,  are  large  open  grass- 
covered  areas.  The  slopes  of  the  Gallatin  Range  are  well  clothed 
with  forest  up  to  the  timber  line,  which  in  the  Park  varies  from 
9400-9700  feet.  The  tops  of  the  long  ridges  sloping  westward 
are  in  some  cases  bare.  From  the  Gallatin  Range  southward 
along  the  western  border  of  the  Park  extends  the  Madison 
Plateau.  Its  southern  limit  is  the  Pitchstone  Plateau  (8700  ft.), 
at  the  base  of  which  on  the  north  and  east  lie  Shoshone  and  Lewis 
Lakes.  The  very  flat  top  of  the  plateau  is  more  than  half  covered 
with  grassy  parks,  but  the  sides  are  densely  timbered.  To  the 
westward  it  slopes  down  to  the  low  open  swamp}'  area  of  the 
Falls  River  Basin  in  the  extreme  southwest  corner  of  the  Park. 
On  the  Madison  Plateau,  as  elsewhere  throughout  the  region, 
are  scattered  small,  open  parks  and  meadows,  but  taken  as  a 
whole,  it  is  heavily  timbered,  and  is  cut  by  numerous  dry  rocky 
canons.  It  has  an  average  altitude  of  about  8500  feet,  and  from 
Shoshone  Lake  it  is  traversed  in  a  northwesterly  direction  by 
the  continental  divide.  At  the  foot  of  the  abrupt  eastern  slope 
of  this  plateau  lie  the  Upper  and  Lower  Geyser  Basins  in  a 
wilderness  of  forest.  The  Fire-hole  River  draining  these  areas, 
flowing  northward,  meets  the  Gibbon  River  from  the  northeast, 
the  latter  draining  the  Norris  Geyser  Basin,  and  heading  on  the 
plateau  northwest  of  the  Washburne  Range.  These  two  streams 
uniting  form  the  Madison,  which,  in  its  course  westward,  has 
cut  a  gorge  nearly  2000  feet  deep  through  the  Madison  Plateau. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  9 

Within  the  Park  the  Madison  River  has  a  drainage  area  of  about 
700  square  miles. 

The  region  of  the  Yellowstone  Park  has  been  the  scene  of 
great  volcanic  activity,  the  rocks  being  mainly  of  igneous 
origin  with  the  exception  of  the  Gallatin  Range,  which  is  in  a 
great  part  sedimentary.  The  plateaus  have  been  formed  by 
great  lava  flows,  principally  rhyolite.  The  rugged  Yellowstone 
Range  is  mainly  composed  of  volcanic  breccias  and  conglomer- 
ates. The  principal  geyser  areas  are  those  of  the  Upper  and 
Lower  Geyser  Basins,  Norris  Geyser  Basin,  Shoshone  Lake 
Geyser  Basin  and  the  Heart  Lake  Geyser  Basin.  Hundreds  of 
boiling  springs  are  scattered  over  the  whole  region  and  have 
formed  extensive  deposits,  mainly  calcareous,  while  those  of  the« 
geysers  are  a  form  of  silica  called  ge3'serite.  The  great  quanti- 
ties of  silicified  wood  and  size  of  many  of  the  specimens  would 
lead  us  to  suppose  that  the  ancient  forests  were  of  much  greater 
magnificence  than  at  present.  The  wonders  of  the  Yellowstone 
have  been  so  often  described  that  the  above  brief  sketch  will  be 
sufficient  for  a  comparison  of  the  flora  with  the  principal  topo- 
graphic features. 

The  Yellowstone  Park,  like  most  mountain  regions  where 
terrestrial  radiation  is  great,  has  during  the  summer  months 
great  extremes  of  diurnal  temperature,  although  the  day  tem- 
perature is  low,  not  generally  above  75°  Fahr.  Frequent 
summer  frosts  are  a  characteristic  feature.  This  coolness  of 
climate,  coupled  with  a  high  relative  humidity,  that  is,  for  the 
Rocky  Mountain  region,  accounts  for  the  fact  of  its  being 
densely  timbered.  A  copious  rain-fall  is  shown  in  marsh,  spring, 
stream  and  lake.  From  observations  taken  at  Yellowstone 
Lake  (7740  feet)  from  July  15  to  August  15,  1885,  we  obtain 
the  following  :  Average  of  readings  of  minimum  thermometer, 
which  practically  is  the  temperature  at  sunrise,  29*7  ;  average 
of  2  P.  M.  readings,  65*6 ;  average  of  readings  of  maximum 
thermometer  from  August  1  to  August.  15,  68*3.  The  greatest 
recorded  temperature  was  78°,  and  the  lowest  22°.  The  grow- 
ing season  over  the  main  area  of  the  Park  is  from  about  May  1st 
to  Sept.  1st.  The  lower  and  dryer  portions  up  to  7000  feet  are 
in  their  greenest  garb  about  July  1st,  and  the  subalpine  and 
alpine   regions   early  in  August.     When   in   vigorous   growth, 


10  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

vegetation  does  not  seem  to  be  affected  in  the  least  by  a  tem- 
perature of  10°  below  freezing,  but  a  little  later  in  the  season 
its  effects  are  apparent,  when  the  plants  have  lost  much  of  their 
vitality.  The  change  from  the  luxuriance  of  August  to  the 
decay  of  September  is  abrupt.  Generally  by  Sept.  15th  snow 
has  fallen  to  lie  upon  the  ground  for  a  day  or  two. 

FORESTS. 

The  Yellowstone  Park  lies  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  belt  of 
coniferous  forests,  geographically  termed  the  Interior  Pacific, 
and  which  trending  northwestward,  unites  in  northern  Washing- 
ton Territory  with  that  of  the  Pacific  coast,  forming  a  broad 
belt  which  still  farther  north  in  British  America  merges  into  the 
northwest  extension  of  the  Atlantic  forest.  The  common  and 
most  wide-spread  tree  of  the  Park  is  the  Black  Pine,  Pinus 
Murrayana,  Balf.  (P.  contorta,  Dough,  var.  Murrayana,  Engelm.). 
It  is  the  only  tree  forming  extensive  forests  to  the  exclusion  of 
other  species.  It  reaches  its  greatest  development  on  the  dr}rer 
plateaus  between  7000  and  8000  feet,  here  forming  90  per  cent, 
of  the  forest.  It  is  not  generally  over  two  feet  in  diameter, 
with  a  height  of  60-100  feet,  and  is  found  from  the  lowest  alti- 
tudes up  to  9500  feet.  Over  the  lower  and  dryer  portions  it  is 
found  with  the  Red  Fir  (Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  Carr),  and  in 
higher  and  moist  situations  with  more  or  less  Picea  and  Abies. 

It  is  the  only  tree  here  that  seems  to  be  able  to  reproduce 
itself  to  any  extent  after  having  been  destroyed  by  fire,  doubt- 
less owing  to  the  protection  afforded  the  seeds  by  the  hard  and 
indestructible  cones.  In  many  burnt  districts  an  almost  impen- 
etrable growth  of  young  trees  have  sprung  up.  Probably  65 
per  cent,  of  the  whole  forest  area  is  composed  of  the  Black 
Pine. 

Pinus  flexilis,  James,  generally  occupies  the  dry  gravelly 
ridges  from  7500  feet  upward,  especially  above  8000  feet.  At 
low  elevations  it  grows  with  the  Black  Pine  and  higher  with 
Picea  and  Abies.  It  is  found  as  low  as  6000  feet  at  the  Mam- 
moth Hot  Springs^  with  Juniperus  Virginiana,  these  two  species 
forming  exclusively  the  timbered  portion  of  the  formation. 

Pinus  albicaulis,  Englm.  (P.  flexilis,x$.Y.  albicaulis,  Englm.), 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  11 

is  found  associated  with  P.  flexilis,  but  ranges  higher,  being 
found  scattered  or  in  bunches  on  rocky  and  exposed  ridges  and 
summits  at  the  upper  limit  of  tree  growth.  It  has  been  observed 
as  low  as  7500  feet  mingled  with  Pseudotsuga  and  Pinus  Murray- 
ana,  but  always  in  such  situations  with  P.  flexilis.  Although 
apparently  common  throughout  the  Park,  it  has  not  before  been 
distinguished  from  the  allied  P.  flexilis. 

At  a  distance  they  closely  resemble  each  other  in  general 
habit,  except  for  a  bunched  or  fox-tail  appearance  of  the  leaves 
of  the  former.  Prof.  Sargent  says,  that  at  Old  Marias  Pass  in 
northwest  Montana,  heretofore  the  most  eastern  station  known, 
P.  albicaulis  is  readily  distinguished  from  P.  flexilis  by  the 
milk-white  bark  ;  but  this  characteristic  which  the  author  has 
also  observed  in  Washington  Territory,  is  nearly  wanting  in  the 
Park.  The  chief  points  of  difference  lie  in  the  cones ;  those  of 
P.  albicaulis  when  young  are  brown-purple,  not  green,  with  much 
thicker  scales.  We  have  observed  throughout  the  Park  that 
the  cones  of  P.  albicaulis,  with  hardly  an  exception,  fall  to  pieces 
soon  after  maturity,  probably  due,  as  Prof.  Sargent  suggests,  to 
the  work  of  squirrels,  so  that  a  perfect  cone  is  rarely  found 
upon  the  ground,  while  those  of  P.  flexilis  remain  intact.  The 
leaves  of  the  former  are  also  shorter  and  stouter.  The  largest 
specimen  seen  was  5  feet  in  diameter  and  60  feet  in  height,  on 
Bison  Peak,  at  an  elevation  of  9200  feet.  These  two  pines  form 
nearly  10  per  cent,  of  the  forest  area. 

Although  the  Yellow  Pine,  Pinus  ponderosa,  Dough,  var, 
scopulorum,  Engelm.  (the  Rocky  Mountain  variety),  occurs  on 
all  sides  of  the  Park,  it  has  not  been  detected  within  the.  borders, 
although  it  would  naturally  be  expected  about  some  of  the  low 
dry  open  areas.  The  greater  portion  of  the  region  has  too 
great  an  altitude  and  rain-fall. 

The  Douglas  or  Red  Fir  {Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  Carr)  is 
found  up  to  9000  feet,  generally  scattered  over  the  dryer  grassy 
ridges  and  slopes.  Rarely  it  occupies  exclusively  small  areas. 
The  slope  immediately  west  of  the  Mammoth  Hot  Springs  for 
700  feet  upward  is  covered  with  this  species  alone.  The  largest 
trees  observed  had  a  diameter  of  5  feet,  bft  generally  were 
stunted  and  more  or  less  decayed. 

The  Balsam   {Abies  subalpina,  Engelm.)   ranks  next  to  the 


12  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Black  Pine  in  amount  and  distribution.  It  is  found  throughout 
in  cool,  moist  situations,  at  low  elevations  on  the  northern 
slopes,  and  especially  common  on  wet  subalpine  slopes  and 
plateaus  about  the  timber  line,  forming  groves  in  the  park-like 
openings.  Moist  plateaus  above  8000  feet  and  the  slopes  and 
bottoms  of  deep  canons  are  forests  of  this  species  and  Picea 
Engelmanni,  these  two  trees  forming  at  least  25  per  cent,  of 
the  forest  area  of  the  Park.  The  Spruce  {Picea  Engelmanni, 
Engelm.)  is  associated  with  the  Balsam.  It  is  not  of  great 
size,  rarely  more  than  2  or  3  feet  in  diameter,  and  does  not  form 
extensive  forests  as  in  the  central  Rocky  Mountain  region,  and 
still  farther  northward  in  the  mountain  region  of  Montana 
becomes  rare  and  of  small  size. 

Picea  alba,  Link,  which  occurs  in  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota 
and  in  northern  Montana,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
the  Flathead  Region,  probably  does  not  occur  within  the  Park, 
although  some  of  the  cones  of  Picea  Engelmanni  show  a  transi- 
tion into  P.  alba.  This  fact  is  suggestive,  occurring,  as  it  does, 
in  a  region  between  that  of  the  greatest  development  of  P. 
Engelmanni  on  the  south,  and  P.  alba  on  the  north ;  although 
in  northwest  Montana,  where  both  species  occur,  Prof.  Sargent 
has  observed  the  same  fact,  but  they  are  found  u  at  different 
elevations  in  different  soils  and  never  mingle." 

Picea  pungens,  Engelm.,  doubtless  does  not  enter  into  the 
Park  forests.  Specimens  collected  under  the  name  of  Abies 
Menziesii,  Lindl.,  are  probably  forms  of  Picea  Engelmanni. 

The  Red  Cedar  (Juniperus  Virginiana,  L.)  grows  along  the 
Gardiner  River,  a  few  miles  above  the  mouth  and  mingled  with 
Finns  flexilis  over  the  formation  of  the  Mammoth  Hot  Springs. 
It  is  rare  elsewhere. 

Juniperus  communis,  L.,  var.  alpina,  Gaud,  occurs  sparingly 
on  rocky  slopes  at  low  elevations  and  more  frequently  about  the 
hot  spring  areas.  On  the  moist  slopes  and  along  the  streams 
of  the  lower  grass-covered  areas  are  frequently  groves  of  Popu- 
lus  tremuloides,  Michx.  (Aspen).  It  was  observed  sparingly 
above  8000  feet.  Populus  augustifolia,  James,  was  only  seen  on 
Cache  Creek.        • 

Of  the  shrubs  that  are  common  throughout  may  be  mentioned, 
Betula  glandulosa,  Michx. ;  Salix  desertorum,  Rich.,  var.  Wolfii, 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  13 

Bebb,  and  a  form  of  Salix  glauca,  L.,  and  the  following  rather 
rare  and  local  species  :  Salix  longifolia,  Muhl. ;  Betula  occi- 
dentalism Hook;  Alnus  viridis,  D.  C;  A.  incana,  Willd.,  var. 
virescens,  Wats.;  Prunus demissa,  Walpers. ;  Pyrus sambucifolia, 
Cham,  and  Schlecht ;  Amelanchier  alnifoh a,  Nutt. ;  Ceanothus 
velutinus,  Dougl. ;  Rhamnus  alnifolia,  L'Her. 

The  timber  trees  of  the  region,  with  the  exception  of  the 
widespread  Populus  tremuloides  and  Juniperus  Virginiana,  are 
western  species,  but  several  of  the  shrubs  range  across  the 
continent. 

The  Park  has  suffered  at  various  times  from  the  ravages  of 
lire.  There  is  probably  100  square  miles  of  burnt  forest.  Over 
a  large  portion  of  the  region  will  be  found  masses  of  fallen 
timber  in  the  green  and  standing  forest,  principally  in  that  of 
Abies  and  Picea. 

There  are  some  areas  of  considerable  extent  which  are  not 
forest  covered,  and  at  lower  elevations  covered  with  a  luxuriant 
growth  of  grass  and  more  or  less  sage-brush.  The  most  exten- 
sive of  these  are  in  the  northeast  portion,  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  about  the  mouth  of  the  East  Fork,  and 
along  this  stream. 

The  former,  including  the  greater  portion  of  the  region  of  Mt. 
Evarts,  Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  Swan  Lake  and  the  upper  West 
Gardiner,  and  generally  covered  with  local  drift,  has  an  area  of 
forty  square  miles,  and  is  the  southern  extension  of  the  dry 
timberless  region  of  the  valley  of  the  Yellowstone.  This  with 
some  interruptions  extends  to  the  East  Fork.  The  latter 
comprising  the  valley  of  the  East  Fork  to  Cache  Creek  and 
the  slopes  on  each  side ;  the  northern  portion  of  Specimen 
Ridge  and  across  the  Yellowstone  River  about  Antelope  Creek 
has  an  area  of  fifty  square  miles,  twenty  of  this  belonging  to  the 
valley  of  the  East  Fork.  Besides  these  are  Hayden  Valley, 
eighteen  square  miles  ;  Upper  and  Lower  Geyser  Basins  and  East 
Fire-hole  River,  fifteen  square  miles  ;  Pitchstone  Plateau,  Madi- 
son Plateau,  and  Falls  River  Basin,  forty  square  miles  ;  Valley 
of  the  Upper  Yellowstone,  thirty  square  miles,  and  tops  of  the 
subalpine  and  alpine  plateaus,  the  slopes  of  wfcich  are  densely 
timbered,  along  the  Upper  Yellowstone  thirty  square  miles. 
Add  to  these  about  eighty  square  miles  for  all  minor  areas, 


14  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

parks,  meadows,  regions  above  timber  line,  etc.,  and  180  square 
miles  for  lakes  and  ponds,  we  will  have  a  total  of  483  square  miles, 
or  about  14  per  cent,  of  the  area  of  the  Park.  We  can  there- 
fore safely  say  that  86  per  cent,  of  it  is  forest  covered. 

GENERAL  FLORA  OF  THE  REGION. 

The  flora  of  the  Yellowstone  Park,  taken  as  a  whole,  is  essen- 
tially that  of  a  mountain  region,  although  at  some  points  on  its 
borders  and  along  the  low-lying  dryer  valleys  of  the  main 
streams  are  found  a  number  of  species  which  belong  to  the  flora 
of  the  plains  or  more  arid  regions.  The  flora  of  the  portion 
from  6000-8000  feet  alt.,  which  is  mainly  that  of  the  larger  open 
areas,  has  pretty  much  the  same  character.  Clematis  Douglasii, 
Hook.;  Silene  Douglasii,  Hook. ;  Cerastiam  arvense,  L. ;  Are- 
naria  congesta,  Nutt.,  var.  subcongesta,  Wats. ;  Geum  triflorum, 
Pursh. ;  Carum  Gairdneri,  Benth  and  Hook. ;  Galium  boreale, 
L. ;  Balsamorrhiza  sagittata,  Nutt. ;  Helianthella  Douglasii, 
T.  and  G. ;  Achillea  millefolium,  L. ;  Cnicus  Drummondii,  Gray ; 
Troximon  glaucum,  Nutt. ;  Campanula  rotundifolia,  L. ;  Col- 
linsia  parviflora,  Dougl.,  and  Eriogonum  umbellatum,  Torr, 
will  be  met  with  almost  everywhere,  and  perhaps  not  so  generally 
distributed  Lupinus  serious,  Pursh. ;  several  species  of  Astragalus 
(A.  alpinus,  L. ;  A.  multiflorus,  Gray ;  A.  campestris,  Gray)  ; 
Solidago  Missouriensis,  Nutt.,  and  S.  canadensis,  L. ;  Aster 
integrifolius,  Nutt.,  and  Frasera  speciosa,  Dougl.  Two  species 
of  Phlox,  (P.  canescens,  T.  and  G.;  P.  Douglasii,  Hook.,  var. 
longifolia,  Gray),  and  Penstemon  (P.  confertus,  Dougl.,  var. 
cseruleo-purpureus,  Gray;  P.  glaber,  Pursh.).  Of  the  eight 
species  of  Artemisia  found  within  the  Park  but  three  {A.  frigida, 
Willd.;  A.  tridentata,  Nutt.;  A.  cana,  Pursh.),  are  common,  the 
two  latter  being  the  predominant  species  of  the  limited  sage- 
brush areas.  Above  8000  feet  will  be  found  several  Asters  {A. 
foliaceus,  Lindl. ;  A.  Engelmanni,  Gray ;  A.  elegans,  T.  and  G.), 
and  Erigerons  (E.  salsuginosus,  Gray;  E.  macranthus,  Nutt.), 
and  along  the  timber  Geranium  incisum,  Nutt.,  and  G.  Bichard- 
sonii,  Fisch.  and  Meyer.  Scattered  through  the  open  woods  will 
be  seen  Arnica  cordifolia,  Hook. ;  A.  latifolia,  Bong. ;  Hiera- 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  15 

cium  gracile,  Hook.;  H.  albiflorum,  Hook.,  and  Pedicularis 
racemosa,  Dougl. 

In  the  dense  and  dry  pine  woods  of  much  of  the  plateau  region 
there  is  very  little  vegetation  except  the  diminutive  blueberry, 
Vaccinium  myrtillus,  L.,  var.  microphyllum,  Hook.,  which  often 
occurs  in  vast  quantities.  The  berries  are  always  light  red,  and 
not  "  at  first  light  red,"  as  often  described.  It  bears  but  little 
fruit  in  the  Park  region,  and  the  same  fact  was  observed  with 
regard  to  the  strawberry  and  bearberry,  Frageria  vesca,  L.,  and 
Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng. 

Early  in  August  the  natural  flower  gardens  of  the  subalpine 
slopes  are  in  all  their  splendor  of  coloring.  Scarlet  and  crim- 
son Castilleiae  vie  with  blue  and  purple  lupines,  forget-me-nots, 
asters,  erigerons  and  carpet-like  masses  of  snow-white  phlox. 
Mingled  with  these  are  golden  yellow  and  orange  flowers  of  every 
shade,  Sedum,  Potentilla,  Ivesia,  Helianthella  and  Aplopappus. 

As  most  of  the  species  which  cross  the  continent  do  so  on 
the  north  it  is  not  surprising  to  find  so  many  as  we  do  in  the  flora 
of  the  Park. 

The  flora  of  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains  has  many  points 
in  common  with  that  of  the  Cascade  Mountains ;  in  fact  above 
latitude  48°  it  is  difficult  to  determine  the  limit  between  what 
belongs  to  one  and  what  to  the  other.  Southward  the  two  floras 
become  very  distinct.  We  find  some  stragglers  from  the  Pacific 
flora  entering  the  Park,  probably  all  by  way  of  the  northwest. 
Pinus  albicaulis,  Engelm.,  is  a  notable  instance  in  the  case  of  a 
forest  tree,  and  besides  this  are  the  following:  Trautvettaria 
grandis,^ utt. ;  Ranunculus  ornithorhyncus,  Hook. ;  Antennaria 
flagellaris,  Gray ;  Erigeron  peucephyllus,  Gray ;  Hulsea  nana, 
Gray,  and  Oryzopsis  exigua,  Thurb. 

The  local  Subularia  aquatica,  L.,  whose  next  eastern  stations 
are  lakes  in  Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  is  common  about  Yel- 
lowstone Lake. 

Myosurus  apetalus,  Gay,  var.  lepturus,  Gray ;  Mimulus  monti- 
oides,  Gray,  and  Nemophila  breviflora,  Gray,  come  from  the 
southwest,  and  Cnicus  Hookerianus,  Gray,  from  the  Rocky 
Mountains  further  north.  The  nearest  known  localities  for 
Eriophorum  russeolum,  Fries,  are  Hudson's  Bay  and  Alaska. 


16  ,      FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

We  also  find  Elatine  triandra,  Schkuhr.,  and  Floerkea  proser- 
pinacoides,  Willd. 

The  genus  Arnica  is  well  represented  in  the  Park,  all  the  seven 
species  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  between  New  Mexico  and  the 
British  boundary  have  been  found.  Of  Arabis,  six  out  of  eight 
species,  half  of  the  dozen  or  so  species  of  Ribes,  and  eight  of  the 
ten  species  of  Epilobium.  All  the  species  of  the  following  genera 
have  been  collected,  Lonicera  (4),  Veronica  (6),  Eabenaria  (4), 
and  Luzula  (4).  The  order  Composite,  which  in  North  America 
comprises  an  eighth  of  Phsenogamous  Plants,  in  the  limited  area 
of  the  Park  has,  as  far  as  known,  38  genera  and  108  species,  or 
about  one-sixth  of  tire  whole.  The  ferns  are  meagrely  repre- 
sented by  only  six  species,  and  these  for  the  most  part  are  rare 
and  local. 

ALPINE  FLORA. 

As  far  as  observed  the  alpine  flora  of  the  Park  contains  about 
the  same  proportion  of  arctic  species  as  that  of  the  whole 
Rocky  Mountain  region  within  the  United  States.  In  the 
latter  case  out  of  about  190  species,  55  per  cent,  belong  to  the 
arctic  flora.  In  other  words,  this  alpine  flora,  like  that  of 
the  whole  temperate  zone  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  is  a 
southern  extension  of  arctic  vegetation.  The  appearance  of 
these  arctic  forms  is  looked  for  in  the  general  refrigeration 
which  brought  on  the  glacial  period.  Pushed  southward  by  the 
extreme  cold,  and  then,  as  the  climate  moderated,  retreating 
northward,  following  the  receding  glaciers,  they  were  left 
stranded  on  the  mountain  summits,  and  finding  a  congenial 
home,  have  there  persisted.  In  the  list  of  the  alpine  flora  given 
below,  those  which  are  arctic  are  marked  thus  (*).  It  will  be 
seen  that  the  Rocky  Mountain  arctic  alpine  flora  is  pretty  well 
represented,  considering  the  limited  area  under  consideration, 
with  the  exception  of  the  Gentians,  which  are  entirely  wanting 
as  far  as  observed. 

Ranunculus  nivalis,  L.,  var.  Eschscholtzii,  Watson. 
*Draba  alpina,  L. 
Draba  crassifolia,  Graham. 
Draba  aurea,  Vahl. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  17 

*Smelowskia  calycina,  C.  A.  Meyer. 

*  Thlaspi  alpestre,  L. 
*Silene  acaulis,  L. 

*Arenaria  verna,  L.,  var.  hirta,  Wats. 

*  Arenaria  biflora,  var.  obtusa,  Wats. 
*Arenaria  stricta,  Wats. 

Sagina  Linnasi,  Presl. 
Calandrinia  pygmaea,  Gray. 
Trifolium  Parryi,  Gray. 

*  Astragalus  alpinus,  L. 
*Dryas  octopetala,  L. 

Ivesia  Gordoni,  Torr  and  Gray. 
*Sibbaldia  procumbens,  L. 

Saxifraga  Jamesii,  Torr. 
*Saxifraga  oppositifolia,  L. 

*  Saxifraga  caespitosa,  Jj. 

*  Saxifraga  rivularis,  L. 

*  Saxifraga  nivalis,  L. 

*  Saxifraga  punctata,  L. 
Sedum  rhodanthum,  Gray. 

* Epilobium  latifolium,  L. 

Aplopappus  Lyallii,  Gray. 
*Erigeron  uniflorus,  L. 

Erigeron  ursinus,  Eaton. 

Erigeron  radicatus,  Hook. 
*Antennaria  alpina,  Gaertn. 

Artemisia  scopulorum,  Gray. 

Senecio  Fremonti,  Torr  and  Gray. 

Hulsea  nana,  Gray. 

*  Taraxacum  officinale,  Weber,  var.  scopulorum,  Gray. 
Bryanthus  empetriformis,  Gray. 

Douglasia  montana,  Gray. 
Polemonium  confertum,  Gray. 
* Polemonium  humile,  Willd.,  var.  pulchellum,  Gray. 

*  Omphalodes  nana,  Gray,  var.  aretioides,  Gray. 
Mertensia  alpina,  Don. 

*  Veronica  alpina,  L. 

*  Castilleia  pallida ,  Kunth,  var.  scptentrionalis,  Gray. 
Penstemon  Menziesii,  Hook. 


18  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Pedicularis  Parryi,  Gray. 
Pedicularis  scopulorum,  Gray. 
Pedicularis  Grcenlandica,  Retz. 
*Oxyria  digyna,  Campdera. 

*  Polygonum  viviparum,  L. 

*Salix  arctica,  R.  Br.,  var.  petr&a,  Anders. 
*Salix  reticulata,  L. 

Habenaria  obtusata,  Richardson. 
*Lloydia  serotina,  Reich. 
*Luzula  spicata,  Desv. 

Juncus  Drummondii,  E.  Meyer. 

Juncus  Parryi,  Engelm. 

Gar  ex  scirpoidea,  Michx. 

Car  ex  concinna,  R.  Br. 

*  Carex  rigida,  Good. 

*  Carex  atrata,  L. 

*  Carex  alpina,  Swartz. 

*Festuca  ovina,  L.,  var.  brevifolia,  Wats. 
*?  Alopecurus  occidentalism  Scribn. 
*Pleum  alpinum,  L. 

*  Trisetum  subspicatum,  Beauv. 
*?  Poa  reflexa,  V.  and  S. 
*Poa  alpina,  L. 

FLORA  OF  THE  BOGS,  PONDS  AND  STREAMS. 

From  the  plateau  nature  of  a  great  portion  of  the  Park,  the 
water  from  the  great  accumulations  of  snow  drains  off  slowly, 
and  in  consequence  bogs  are  scattered  over  the  whole  region, 
which  in  their  saturated  condition  are  mostly  impassable  before 
July  1st. 

The  bog  and  wet  meadow  flora  from  about  7500-9000  feet  is 
luxuriant  and  of  a  generally  uniform  character.  There  are 
several  species  of  Stellaria  (S.  umbellata,  Turcz. ;  S.  longipes, 
Goldie ;  S.  borealis,  Bigelow)  ;  Saxifraga  (S.  punctata,  L. ; 
S.  integrifolia,  Hook);  Valeriana  (  V.  edulis,  Nutt. ;  V.  sylvatica, 
Banks)  ;  Potentilla  (P.  dissecta,  Pursh  ;  P.  gracilis,  Dongl. ;  P. 
fruticosa,  L.) ;  Senecio  (S.  triangularis,  Hook  ;  S.  crassulus, 
Gray ;   S.  lugens,  Rich.) ;  Polygonum  (P.  Bistorta,  L. ;  P.  vivi- 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  19 

parum,  L.) ;  Habenaria  (H.  hyperborea,  R.  Br. ;  H.  dilatata, 
Gray) ;  and  Allium  {A.  Schcenoprasum,  L. ;  A.  brevistylum, 
Wats.).  Among  other  characteristic  species  are  Trifolium 
longipes,  Nutt. ;  Pedicularis  Grcenlandica,  Retz.  ;  Rumex  pauci- 
folius,  Nutt.,  and  Zygadenus  elegans,  Pursh.  Here,  as  elsewhere, 
especially  over  the  hot  spring  and  geyser  areas,  the  small 
streams  are  bordered  with  Parnassia  fimbriata,  Banks ;  Gen- 
tiana  serrata,  Gunner,  and  Mimulus  luteus,  L. 

Among  the  water  plants  of  the  Park  we  find  a  few  of  which 
the  Rocky  Mountain  region  is  the  eastern  or  western  limit,  but 
by  far  the  greater  portion,  at  least  70  per  cent,  of  the  species, 
extend  across  the  continent.  Water  plants,  from  the  more 
uniform  nature  of  their  surroundings  in  water,  which  also  is  an 
important  factor  in  their  distribution,  would  naturally  have  a 
more  extensive  range  than  land  plants,  which  over  a  large  area 
would  be  subjected  to  great  differences  in  soil  and  climate. 

Of  this  flora  of  the  ponds  and  streams  we  find  Ranunculus 
aquatilus,  L.,  var.  trichophyllus,  Chaix.,  almost  everywhere,  and 
R.  multifidus,  Pursh.,  more  rarely  about  Yellowstone  Lake. 
Nuphar  advena,  Ait.,  is  rarely  absent  from  muddy  ponds  and 
sluggish  streams,  and  frequently  associated  with  great  quantities 
of  Hippuris  vulgaris,  L.,  and  Geratophyllum  demersum,  L. ; 
Nuphar  polysepalum,  Engelm.,  was  collected  only  in  the  Gibbon 
Lakes.  Sparganium  simplex,  Huds.,  var.  angustifolium, 
Engelm. ;  Sagittaria  variabilis,  Engelm.,  and  Utricularia  vul- 
garis, L.,  though  frequent,  are  rarely  seen  in  flower  or  fruit.  Of 
the  three  Lemnas  (L.  trisulca,  L. ;  L.  minor,  L. ;  L.  gibba,  L.),  the 
two  former  are  extremely  abundant  in  many  localities.  Several 
Potamogetons  (P.  rufescens,  Schad. ;  P.  gramineus,  L.,  var. 
maximus ;  P.  perfoliatus,  L. ;  P.  pectinatus,  L.,  and  var.  lati- 
folius,  Robbins),  are  common  throughout  in  the  lakes  and 
streams.  Subularia  aquatica,  L.,  and  Isoetes  Bolanderi,  Engelm., 
are  found  on  the  bottom  of  ponds  about  Yellowstone  Lake,  the 
latter  species  being  pretty  generally  distributed  over  the  region. 
What  is  apparently  the  rare  and  local  Isoetes  pygmaea,  Engelm., 
has  been  found  at  Yellowstone  Lake.  Callitriche  autumnalis, 
L.,  is  abundant,  and  less  so  G.  verna,  L.  Besides  these  may  be 
mentioned  Zanichellia  palustris,  L. ;  Ruppia  maritima,  L. ; 
Marsilia  vestita,  Hook  and  Grev. ;  Myriophyllum  verticillatum, 


20  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

L.,  and  Polygonum  amphibium,  L.  At  the  outlet  of  Yellowstone 
Lake  is  a  small  pond  a  few  feet  in  depth  and  several  acres  in 
extent,  which  is  remarkable  for  containing  a  great  number  of 
the  rare  and  local  species  of  the  region.  On  the  bottom  and 
submerged  grow  Subularia  aquatica,  L. ;  Elatine  triandra, 
Schkuhr. ;  Iaoetes  Bolanderi,  Engelm.,  and  Callitriche  autum- 
nalis,  L.  Floating  on  the  surface  are  Ranunculus  multifidus, 
.  Pursh. ;  Polygonum  amphibium,  L. ;  Sagittaria,  Sparganium, 
several  Lemnas  and  Potamogetons.  In  the  mud  at  the  water's 
edge  were  collected  Elatine  Americana,  Am. ;  Tillsea  angusti- 
folia,  Nutt. ;  Krynitzkia  Calif ornica,  Gray,  and  Limosella 
aquatica,  L. 


FLORA  OF  THE  HOT  SPRINGS  AND  GEYSER  AREAS. 

The  alkaline  nature  of  the  soil  and  artificial  warmth  of  the 
hot  spring  and  geyser  areas  have  created  a  flora  in  many  respects 
peculiar  to  itself.  In  the  list  given  below  those  species  marked 
(*)  have  not  been  observed,  with  a  very  few  exceptions,  on  other 
than  hot  spring  soil.  It  will  be  seen  that  there  are  a  number 
normal  on  our  sea  coasts,  and  more  or  less  in  saline  situations 
in  the  interior,  such  as  Salicorma  herbacea,  L.;  Rumex  maritimus, 
L.,  and  Triglochin  maritimum,  L.,  and  others  which  belong  to 
the  flora  of  a  lower  and  more  arid  region.  The  bleak  formations 
proper  support  but  a  scanty  vegetation,  but  where  overlaid  with 
soil  on  its  borders,  and  around  less  active  rents,  and  especially 
along  the  hot  streams,  there  will  be  found  a  most  luxuriant  vege- 
tation. The  most  characteristic  species  are  Chrysopsis  villosa, 
Nutt.;  Gnaphalium  Sprengelii,  Hook  and  Arm;  Triglochin  mari- 
timum, L.,  and  a  grass  Panicum  dichotomum,  L.,  var.  pubescens. 
The  latter  frequently  covers  the  ground  with  a  dense  velvet 
carpet,  glistening  with  crystal  drops  of  condensed  steam.  Ruppia 
maritima  has  been  observed  in  situations  where  the  water  had  a 
temperature  of  90°  Fahr.  The  small  streams  are  filled  with 
Potamogeton  pectinatus,  L.,  and  frequently  with  vast  quantities 
of  Lemna. 

Botrychium  ternatum,  Swartz,  var.  australe,  Eaton,  has  never 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  TARK.  21 

been  observed  out  of  hot  spring  soil.  Spraguea  umbellata, 
Torr,  finds  a  congenial  home  on  the  bare  ge3'serite,  and  in  the 
same  case  though  more  local  are  Aplopappus  uniflorus,  Torr 
and  Gray;  Mimulus  namus,  Hook  and  Arm;  Gastilleia  minor, 
Gray ;  Orthocarpus  luteus,  Nutt.,  and  Glyceria  airoides,  Thurb. 

Spraguea  umbellata,  Torr. 

*  Ghrysopsis  villosa,  Nutt. 

*  Aplopappus  uniflorus,  Torr  and  Gray. 
Ghsenactis  Douglasii,  Hook  and  Arn. 

*Gnaphalium  Sprengelii,  Hook  and  Arn. 
Senecio  canus,  Hook. 
Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng. 

*  Mimulus  nanus.  Hook  and  Arn. 

*  Castilleia  minor,  Gray. 

*  Orthocarpus  luteus,  Nutt. 

*Lycopus  Virginicus,  L.,  var.  pauciflorus,  Benth. 
*Brunella  vulgaris,  L. 

Chenopodium  glaucum,  L. 

Chenopodium  capitatum,  Wats. 

Monolepis  chenopodioides,  Moq. 

*  Salicornia  herbacea,  L. 

* Eriogonum  flavum,  Nutt. 

*  Rumex  maritimus,  L. 
Euphorbia  serpyllifolia,  Pers. 

*Juncus  tenuis,  Willd.,  var.  congestus,  Englm. 
*Ruppia  maritima,  L. 
Potamogeton  pectinatus,  L. 

*  Trilochin  maritimum,  L. 
Eleocharis  palustris,  R.  Br. 
Eleocharis  olivacea,  Torr. 

*Panicum  dichotomum,  L.,  var.  pubescens. 
*Spartina  gracilis,  Trim 

*  Glyceria  airoides,  Thurb. 

Juniperus  communis,  L.,  var.  alpina,  Gaud. 

*  Botrychium  ternatum,  Swartz,  var.  australe,  Eaton. 
Pteris  aquilina,  L. 


22  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 


THE  GRASSES. 

The  open  areas  of  the  Park,  up  to  9000  feet  alt.,  are  covered 
with  a  luxuriant  growth  of  the  most  nutritious  grasses,  the  pre- 
dominant species  being  mainly  those  known  as  "  bunch  grasses." 
None  of  the  so-called  "  buffalo  "  or  "  grama  grasses,"  Buckloe, 
Bouteloua,  etc.,  are  found.  In  all  about  seventy  species  are 
known,  but  only  about  half  of  these  enter  to  any  extent  into  the 
composition  of  the  grass  areas. 

Over  the  dryer  portions,  up  to  7000  feet  alt.,  the  following  are 
the  common  forms,  and  of  these  the  Stipas,  Agropyrums  and 
Poa  tenuifolia  form  at  least  80  per  cent. 


Stipa  viridula,  Trin. 
Stipa  comata,  Trin.  and  Rupr. 
Agrostis  scabra,  Willd. 
Koeleria  cristata,  Pers. 
Melica  spectabile,  Scribn. 
Poa  tenuifolia,  Buckl. 
Bromus  breviaristatus,  Buckl. 
Agropyrum  divergens,  Nees. 
Agropyrum  caninum,  L. 
Elymus  Sitanion,  Schultz. 


At  still  higher  altitudes,  or  in  more  moist  situations,  will  be 
added  Deyeuxia  Canadensis,  Beauv.;  D.  neglecta,  Kunth.;  Trise- 
tum  subspicatum,  Beauv.;  var.  molle,  Gray  ^  Poa  Nevadensis, 
Vasey ;  P.  memoralis,  L.;  Bromus  Kalmii,  Gray;  B.  ciliatus,  L.; 
Deschampsia  caespitosa,  Beauv.  The  characteristic  species  of 
moist  meadows  and  bogs  is  Poa  Nevadensis  in  various  forms. 

Gradually  many  of  the  common  species  of  the  lower  and 
dryer  areas  disappearing  being  replaced  by  others  until  at  about 
8500  feet  alt.  we  find  an  abundant,  but  in  many  respects,  quite 
distinct  flora,  beyond  which  point  there  is  a  decrease  both  in 
luxuriance  and  number  of  species. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  23 

In  the  moist  meadows  between  8000  and  9000  feet  alt.,  the 
following  will  be  found,  including  several  Arctic  forms  : — 


Hierochloa  borealis,  R.  and  S. 

Alopecurus  occidentalism  Scribn. 

Phleum  alpinum,  L. 

Agrostis  humilis,  Vasey. 

Deyeuxia  Canadensis,  Beauv. 

Deyeuxia  Langsdorfii,  Kunth. 

Trisetum  subspicatum,  R.  Br.,  var.  molle,  Gray. 

Poa  reflexa,  V.  and  S. 

Poa  nemoralis,  L. 

Poa  Nevadensis,  Yasey. 

Poa  alpina,  L. 

Poa  tenuifolia,  Buckl. 

Festuca  ovina,  L. 

Hordeum  nodosum,  L. 

As  far  as  observed  the  only  strictly  alpine  species  are  Agro- 
pyrum  Scribneri,  Vasey,  and  Festuca  ovina,  L.,  var.  brevifolia, 
Wats.,  although  several  of  the  Poas  and  others,  Poa  alpina,  P. 
reflexa,  and  forms  of  P.  tenuifolia  are  found  above  the  timber 
line  on  exposed  ridges  and  summits. 

Here,  as  elsewhere  in  the  northwest,  one  is  struck  by  the  great 
development  of  the  genus  Poa,  of  which  at  least  a  dozen  species 
grow  within  the  Park.  The  great  variety  of  forms  are  puzzling 
in  the  extreme. 


CATALOGUE. 


PH^ENOGAMIA  (Flowering  Plants). 

BANUNCULACEJB. 

Clematis  Douglasii,  Hook. 

Grassy  slopes,  6500-8000  ft.  alt.     Common,  especially  in  the  noitheni 
portion  of  the  park. 

Clematis  verticillaris,  DC. 

Open  woods.    Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6400  ft.  alt.    Rare. 

Anemone  patens,  L.,  var.  Nuttalliana,  Gray. 

Mt.  Washburne,  9200  ft.  alt.  ;  East  Fork  of  the  Yellowstone,  6200 
ft.  alt.    Rare. 

Anemone  multifida,  Poir. 

Swan  Lake,  7400  ft.  alt. ;  Mt.  Washburne,  9300  feet ;  Cache  Creek, 
6900  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Thalictrum  Fendleri,  Engelm. 

Antelope  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt. ;  Red  Mountain,  9600  ft.  alt.  (Coulter). 

Trautvettaria  grandis,  Nutt. 

Pine  woods,  Lewis  Lake,  7C00  ft.  alt.    Rare.       # 

Myosurus  apetalus,  Gay,  var.  lepturus,  Gray  {M.  ariskdus,  Benth.),  Gray,  in 
Torr.  Bull.,  xiii,  i,  p.  2. 

Dry  benches  along  East  Fork  of  the  Yellowstone,  6600  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Ranunculus  aquatilis,  var.  trichophyllus,  Chaix. 

Common  in  streams  and  ponds  up  to  8000  ft.  alt. 

Ranunculus  Flammula,  L.,  var.  reptans,  Gray. 

Indian  Creek,  7800  ft.  alt.  ;  Mirror  Lake  Plateau,  8700  ft.  alt. ;  Mud 
Springs  (Adams). 

(24) 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  TARK.  25 

Kanunculus  cymbalaria,  Pursh. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6300  ft.  alt. ;  Lower  Geyser  Basin,  7100 
ft.  alt. 

Ranunculus  glaberrimus,  Hook. 

Swan  Lake,  7600  ft.  alt.  ;  High  slopes,  Slough  Creek,  9100  ft.  alt. 

Ranunculus  nivalis,  L.,  var.  Eschscholtzii,  Wats. 

Fawn  Creek,  7400  ft.  alt.  ;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Coulter). 

A  Ranunculus  (909)  and  the  same  as  Parry's  No.  8,  Stinkingwatcr, 
was  collected  in  flower  on  Baronett  Ridge,  9500  ft.  alt.,  about  snow 
banks,  probably  distinct  from  the  above,  and  which  Dr.  Gray  says  may 
prove  to  be  a  new  species. 

Ranunculus  sceleratus,  L. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.     Infrequent. 

Ranunculus  affinis,  It.  Br. 

Subalpine  wet  slopes.  Mt.  Holmes,  9300  ft.  alt.  (dwarf  form,  fls.  an 
inch  in  diameter.)  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6400  ft.  alt.  (tall  form  with 
small  fls.,  near  var.  leiocarpus,  Trautv.). 

Ranunculus  Nelsoni,  Gray. 

Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

Ranunculus  orthorhyncus,  Hook. 

Bogs.     Mammoth  Hot  Springs.     Rare. 

Ranunculus  repens,  L. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.  ;  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone 
(Adams). 

Ranunculus  multifidus,  Pursh. 

Ponds.     Outlet  of  Yellowstone  Lake  and  Stevenson  Island.     Rare. 

Caltha  leptosepala,  DC. 

High  bogs.  Slough  Creek,  9000  ft.  alt.  ;  Pebble  Creek,  9200  ft.  alt.  ; 
Upper  Falls  of  tMfe  Yellowstone  (Adams).    Rather  common. 

Trallius  laxus,  Salisb.,  var.  albiflorus,  Gray. 

Wooded  bogs.  Swan  Lake,  7400  ft.  alt.  ;  Buffalo  Creek,  with  Caltha 
leptosepala,  9000  ft.  alt.  ;  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams). 

Aquilegia  ccerulea,  James. 

Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 
Aquilegia  flavescens,  Watson. 

Mt.  Washburne,  8500  ft.  alt.  ;  Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7600  ft.  alt.  ; 
Mud  Springs  (Adams);  Yellowstone  Lake  (Coulter).     Common. 


26  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Delphinium  Menziesii,  DC. 

Wet  meadows.  Mirror  Lake  Plateau,  9000  ft.  alt.  ;  Soda  Butte,  6900 
ft.  alt.     Rather  rare. 

Delphinium  hicolor,  Nutt. 

Dry  benches  at  low  elevations.  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.  ; 
East  Fork  of  the  Yellowstone,  6000  ft.  alt. 

Delphinium  scopulorum,  Gray. 

Bogs  and  along  mountain  streams,  8000-9500  ft.  alt.  Sometimes  6 
feet  in  height.     Common. 

Aoonitum  Columbianum,  Nutt.  (A.  nasutum,  Hook). 

Rather  common  in  bogs  and  along  mountain  streams.  Indian  Creek, 
8000  feet ;  East  Pelican  Creek,  8800  ft.  alt.  ;  Yellowstone  Lake 
(Coulter,  Adams). 

Actaea  spicata,  L.,  var.  arguta,  Torr. 

Damp  woods.  Pebble  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt ;  Yellowstone  Lake 
(Adams).    Rare. 

BERBERIDACE^J. 

Berberis  repens,  Lindl. 

Amethyst  Creek,  6700  ft.  alt.  ;  Sulphur  Hills,  7700  ft.  alt.  ;  Lower 
Geyser  Basin  (Coulter).     Frequent. 

NYMPHJSACE^l. 

Nuphar  advena,  Ait. 

Abundant  in  ponds  and  sluggish  streams  up  to  8500  ft.  alt. 

Nuphar  polysepalum,  Engelm. 

Ponds  head  of  Gibbon  River,  8000  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

FUMARIACEJB. 

Corydalis  aurea,  Willd.,  var.  occidentalis,  Engelm. 

Soda  Butte  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.  ;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Coulter). 
Rather  rare. 

CRUCIPER^I. 

Draba  crassifolia,  Graham. 

Mt.  Holmes,  9200  ft.  alt. ;  Mt.  Washburne,  10,000  ft.  alt. 

Draba  alpina,  L. 

Mt.  Washburne,  9800  ft.  alt.  ;  Stinkingwater  Pass  (Parry). 

Draba  alpina,  L»,  var.  glacialis,  Dickie. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  7000  ft.  alt.  ;  Sepulchre  Mt.,  8600  ft.  alt.  ; 
Mt.  Doane,  10,000  feet  (Adams). 


FLORA  OP  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  2*7 

Draba  nemorosa,  L. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs  ;  Slough  Creek,  1800  ft.  alt.     Frequent. 

Draba  nemorosa,  L.,  var.  leiocarpa,  Lindb. 

Yellowstone  Lake  and  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams). 

Draba  nemorosa,  L.,  var.  hebecarpa,  Lindb. 

Cache  Creek,  7900  ft.  alt.  ;  Swan  Lake,  7400  ft.  alt. 

Draba  aurea,  Vahl. 

Soda  Butte  Creek,  7400  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Cardamine  cordifolia,  Gray. 

Bogs.     Indian  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt. 

Cardamine  Breweri,  Watson. 

Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams). 

Cardamine  hirsuta,  L. 

Yellowstone  Lake   (Coulter)  ;    Mirror  Lake  Plateau,    9000  ft.   alt. 
Small  forms,  2-4  inches  high. 

Arabis  perfoliata,  Lam. 

Gardiner  River,  5500  ft.  alt. ;  Slough  Creek,  0800  ft.  alt.    Infrequent. 
Arabis  hirsuta,  Scop. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6300  ft.  alt.  ;   Gardiner  River,  5400  ft.  alt. 
Frequent. 

Arabis  spatbulata,  Nutt. 

Grassy  hills.    Fawn  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.    Rare. 

Arabis  Drummondii,  Gray. 

Mt.  Washbume,  8400  ft.  alt.  ;  Stinkingwater  Pass  (Parry)  ;  Yellow- 
stone Lake  (Adams). 

Arabis  Lyallii,  Watson. 

Mt.  Washbume,  9800  ft.  alt.  ;   Rocks,  Slough  Creek,  7000  ft.  alt.  ; 
Mt.  Doane  (Adams). 

Arabis  Holboellii,  Hornem. 

Gardiner    River,    56C0    ft.    alt.  ;    Shoshone    Lake    (Coulter).     Not 
common. 

Thelypodium  integrifolium,  Endl. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt. ;  Hot  Sulphur  Springs  (Adams). 


28  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Thelypodium  sagittatum,  Endl. 

Meadows.  West  Pelican  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.  ;  Yellowstone  Lake 
(Coulter).    Rare. 

Erysimum  asperum,  DC,  var.  inconspicuum,  Wats. 

Dry  bench  lands.  East  Fork  of  the  Yellowstone,  C500  ft.  alt. ; 
Slough  Creek,  6800  feet. 

Barbarea  vulgaris,  It.  Br. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6100  ft.  alt.  ;  Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7200 
ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Sisymbrium  canescens,  Nutt. 

Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

Sisymbrium  incisum,  Engelm. 

Dry  bench  lands.     Common. 

Smelowskia  calycina,  C.  A.  Meyer. 

Common  on  alpine  summits.  Mt.  Holmes,  10,000  ft.  alt.;  Mt.  Wash- 
burne,  8800  ft.  alt.;  Saddle  Mt.,  9800  ft.  alt.;  Stinkingwater  Pass  (Parry). 

Nasturtium  obtusum,  Nutt. 

Indian  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.;  Lower  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Coulter). 

Nasturtium  curvisiliqua,  Nutt.,  var.  lyratum,  Watson. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6800  ft.  alt.;  Mirror  Lake  Plateau,  8900  ft. 
alt.,  Yellowstone  (Parry), 

Subularia  aquatica,  L. 

Growing  submerged  in  ponds  at  the  foot  of  Yellowstone  Lake.  "  In 
great  abundance  at  head  of  Yellowstone  Lake"  (Parry);  Yellowstone 
Lake  (Forwood). 

Thlaspi  alpestre,  L. 

Indian  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt. 

Lepidium  intermedium,  Gray. 

Common  in  the  dryer  valleys. 

Physaria  didymocarpa,  Gray. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs.     Rare. 

VIOLACE^I. 

Viola  blanda,  Willd. 

Wet  meadows,  Buffalo  Creek,  8600  ft.  alt.    Rare. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  29 

Viola  canina,  L.,  var.  rupestris,  Kegel. 

Rather  common  in  meadows  from  6000-8000  ft.  alt.;  Slough  Creek, 
7700  ft.  alt.;  Swan  Lake,  7500  ft.  alt.;  Pelican  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt. 

Viola  Canadensis,  L. 

Soda  Butte  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt.     Rare. 
Viola  Nuttallii,  Pursh. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6400  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

C  ARYOPH  YLL  A.CE  JE. 

Silene  Douglasii,  Hook. 

Grassy  slopes,  7600-9000  ft.  alt.     Common. 
Silene  acaulis,  L. 

Rather  common  on  alpine  summits.  Mt.  Holmes,  10,000  ft.  alt.;  Mt. 
Chittenden,  9800  ft.  alt.  "Mountains  along  Yellowstone  Lake'' 
(Adams). 

Lychnis  Drummondii,  Wats. 

Wooded  slopes,  Pebble  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt. ;  Yellowstone  and  Heart 
Lakes  (Coulter);  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams). 

Lychnis  Parryi,  Wats. 

Grassy  slopes  with  Silene  Douglasii.     Rather  common 
Cerastium  arvense,  L. 

Very  common,  from  6000-10,000  ft.  alt. 
Stellaria  umbellata,  Turcz. 

Common  in  bogs,  from  6000-9000  ft.  alt. 
Stellaria  longipes,  Goltlie. 

With  the  preceding.  Rather  dry  places,  Bison  Peak,  8800  ft.  alt. 
(a  very  glaucous  form). 

Stellaria  crassifolia,  Ebrhart. 

Mt.  Washburne,  9600  ft.  alt,     Rare. 
Stellaria  borealis,  Bigelow. 

Open  and  wooded  bogs.  Indian  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.;  Upper  Falls  of 
the  Yellowstone  (Adams). 

Arenaria  congesta,  Nutt.,  var.  subcongesta,  Watson. 

Very  common  everywhere,  from  6500-9o00  ft.  alt. 
Arenaria  pungens,  Nutt. 

Bare  gravelly  ridges,  Mt.  Norris,  9800  ft.  alt. 
Arenaria  verna,  L.,  var.  hirta,  Watson. 

Bed  of  dry  creek,  Soda  Butte,  7500  ft.  alt,;  Mt.  Holmes,  10,000  ft. 
alt. 


30  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Arenaria  biflora,  var.  obtusa, Watson  (A.  arctica,  Stev.  of  Hayd.  Rep.  for  1871-72). 
Common  on  alpine  summits.     Mt.  Holmes,  10,000  ft.  alt.;  Saddle  Mt., 
10,200  ft.  alt.;  "High  peaks  near  Yellowstone  Lake"  (Coulter);  Red 
Mt.,  10,000  ft.  alt.  (Adams). 

Arenaria  striata,  Watson. 

Mt.  Washburne,  9800  ft.  alt.;  Mt.  Norris,  9000  ft.  alt.     Not  common. 

Arenaria  lateriflora,  L. 

Grassy  slopes,  Slough  and  Pebble  Creeks,  6500-8000  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Sagina  Linnaei,  Presl. 

Rather  common  in  wet  places  at  middle  elevations.  Fawn  Creek, 
7400  ft.  alt.;  Lower  Geyser  Basin  (Coulter);  Mud  Springs  (Adams). 

PORTULACACE.51. 

Calandrinia  pygmaea,  Gray. 

Generally  on  bare  wet  subalpine  and  alpine  slopes.  Mt.  Holmes,  9300 
ft.  alt.;  Sepulchre  Mt.,  8200  ft.  alt.;  Red  Mt.,  10,000  ft.  alt.,  and  Tower 
Falls,  6500  ft.  alt.  (Coulter). 

Claytonia  Chamissonis,  Esch. 

Gibbon  Lake,  8000  ft.  alt. ;  East  Fork  of  the  Yellowstone,  6500  ft. 
alt. ;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Coulter,  Adams) ;  Lower  Falls  of  the  Yellow- 
stone (Coulter). 

Claytonia  Caroliniana,  Michx.,  var.  sessilifolia,  Torr. 
Common  in  wet  places  from  7000-9500  ft.  alt. 

Spraguea  umbellata,  Torr. 

Common  in  dry  and  rocky  places,  especially  on  hot  spring  and  geyser 
formation,  from  6500  to  8500  ft.  alt. 

Lewisia  rediviva,  Pursh. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 
Rare  within  the  Park  limits. 

ELATINACEJB. 

Elatine  triandra,  Schkuhr. 

Bottom  of  ponds  at  outlet  of  Yellowstone  Lake  with  Iso'etes  Bolanderi 
and  Subularia  aquatica. 

Elatine  Americana,  Am.  (Trimerous  form). 

Muddy  shore  of  ponds  at  outlet  of  Yellowstone  Lake,  witli  Limosella 
aquatica  and  TilUm  arigustifolia. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  31 

MALVACEiE. 

Malvastrum  coccineum,  Gray. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs.     Rare  within  the  Park. 

Sphaeralcea  rivularis,  Torr. 
Gibbon  Canon  ;  Mammoth  Hot  Springs  in  open  pine  woods.     Rare. 

LINACE^I. 

Linum  perenne,  L. 

Very  common  at  low  elevations.    Petals  sometimes  wh'.te. 

GERANIACEJE. 

Geranium  Carolinianum,  L. 

Hot  Sulphur  Springs  (Adams). 

Geranium  incisum,  Nutt. 

Very  common  on  the  border  of  woods  up  to  9000  ft.  alt. 

Geranium  Richardsoni,  Fisch.  &  Mey. 

With  the  former,  but  less  common.     Petals  apparently  always  white. 

Flcerkea  proserpinacoides,  Willd. 

Around  springs  near  Swan  Lake.    Rare. 

RHAMNACEiE. 
Rhamnus  alnifolia,  L'Her. 

Along  upper  East  Fork  of  the  Yellowstone,  7000  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Ceanothus  velutinus,  Dougl. 

Rocky  hills,  Soda  Butte,  8000  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

SAPINDACE.S1. 

Acer  glabrum,  Torr. 

Wooded  hills,  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6500  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

LEGUMINOS.E. 

Lupinus  ceespitosus,  Nutt. 

Meadows  and  subalpine  grassy  slopes.  Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7200 
ft.  alt. ;  Mt.  Washburne,  9600  ft.  alt.  ;  Mud  Springs  and  Yellowstone 
Lake  (Adams)  ;  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Parry).  Rather 
Common. 


32  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Lupinus  sericeus,  Pursh. 

Common  throughout :  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6000  ft.  alt. ;  Black  tail 
Deer  Creek,  7300  ft.  alt. ;  Mt.  Washburne,  9800  ft.  alt.  ;  Mt.  Holmes, 
10,000  ft.  alt. 

Lupinus  argenteus,  Pursh.,  var.  decumbens,  Wats. 

With  the  preceding,  but  more  frequent  in  meadows  from  8500-9500  ft. 
alt.  ;  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  5900  ft.  alt.  ;  Mirror  Lake  Plateau,  8800 
ft.  alt. ;  Mud  Springs  and  Yellowstone  Lake  (L.  laxiflorus,  Dougl.,  var. 
tenellu8,  T.  and  G.),  Adams. 

Lupinus  Burkei,  Watson. 

Border  of  woods,  Turbid  Lake,  8000  ft.  alt.  Open  pine  woods, 
Mirror  Lake  Plateau,  8600  ft.  alt.  ;  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (L. 
polyphyllu8,  Lindl.),  Adams. 

Lupinus  pusillus,  Pursh. 

Mouth  of  Gardiner  River,  5300  ft.  alt.     Rare  within  the  Park. 

Trifolium  longipes,  Nutt. 

Very  common  in  bogs  and  meadows  from  6000-8500  ft.  alt. 

Trifolium  Kingii,  Watson  ( T.  Haydeni,  Porter). 

Subalpine  wet  slopes.     Mt.  Holmes,  9600  ft.  alt. 

Trifolium  Parryi,  Gray. 
With  the  preceding. 

Astragalus  oaryocarpus,  Ker. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  5800  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Astragalus  Canadensis,  L. 

Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7200  ft.  alt.  ;  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft. 
alt.    Rare. 

Astragalus  hypoglottis,  L. 

Grassy  places,     Common  in  the  noithern  portion  of  the  Park. 

Astragalus  Drummondii,  Dougl. 
.    Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt. ;  Sepulchre  Mt.,  8000  ft.  alt.  ; 
Cache  Creek,  7600  ft.  alt.  ;  Gardiner  River,  5700  ft.  alt.     Frequent. 

Astragalus  aboriginum,  Rich. 

Mt.  Washburne,  10,000  ft.  alt.  ;  hills  along  Soda  Butte  Creek,  8000 
ft.  alt.    Rare. 

Astragalus  oroboides,  Hornera.,  var.  Americanus,  Gray. 

Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7300  ft.  alt.  ;  Slough  Creek,  6600  ft.  alt. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  33 

Astragalus  alpinus,  L. 

Common  throughout  grassy  places  and  open  woods,  from  GC00-9500 
ft.  alt. 

Astragalus  Missouriensis,  Nutt. 

Dry  rocky  hills,  mouth  of  Gardiner  River,  5600  ft.  alt. 

Astragalus  Purshii,  Dougl. 
With  the  preceding. 

Astragalus  triphyllus,  Pursh. 

With  A.  Purshii.  The  last  three  species  not  observed  elsewhere  in 
the  Park. 

Astragalus  frigidus,  Gray,  var.  Americanus,  Watson. 

Grassy  borders  of  streams  and  open  woods.  Blacktail  Deer  Creek, 
7300  ft.  alt. ;  Soda  Butte  Creek,  7800  ft.  alt.     Rather  rare. 

Astragalus  campestris,  Gray. 

Border  of  pine  woods.     Very  common  from  6000-8000  ft.  alt. 

Astragalus  multiflorus,  Gray. 

Dry  bench  lands.  Blacktail  Deer  Creek  and  Mt.  Evarts,  7200-7800 
ft.  alt.  ;  Soda  Butte  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.  ;  Cache  Creek,  6700  ft.  alt. 

Astragalus  tegetarius,  Wats. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt. 

Astragalus  tegetarius,  Wats.,  var.  implexus,  Canby. 

Bare  rocky  slopes  and  summits.  Sepulchre  Mt.,  8600  ft.  alt.  ;  Mt. 
Washburne,  10,000  ft.  alt. 

Oxytropis  deflexa,  D.  C. 

Meadows  along  Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7300  ft.  alt. ;  Mt.  Washburne, 
10,000  ft.  alt.  (a  dwarf,  stemless  form,  with  leaves  an  inch  and  leaflets 
2-3  lines  long). 

Oxytropis  viscida,  Nutt. 

Grassy  slopes  and  summits  of  Specimen  Ridge  and  Amethyst  Mt., 
8300-9000  ft.  alt. 

Oxytropis  lagopus,  Nutt. 

Common  throughout.  Bare  rocky  hills,  Gardiner,  5  00  ft.  alt.  ;  Mt. 
Washburne,  9800  ft.  alt. 

Oxytropis  Lamberti,  Pursh. 

Common  from  5300  ft.  alt.  to  alpine.      Mouth  of  Gardiner  River, 
5400  ft.  alt.  ;  Mt.  Holmes,  10,000  ft.  alt. 
3 


34  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Hedysarum  Hackenzii,  Richard. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  0200  ft.  alt.  ;  Gardiner  Falls  ;  gravelly  banks 
junction  of  Soda  Butte  Creek  and  East  Fork  of  the  Yellowstone, 
6600  ft.  alt. 

Hedysarum  boreale,  Nutt. 

Rather  common  in  open  pine  woods,  Sepulchre  Mt.,  8000  ft.  alt.  ; 
Slough  Creek,  6700  ft.  alt. ;  East  Fork  of  Pelican  Creek,  8400  ft.  alt. 

ROSACEA. 

Prunus  demissa,  Walp. 
Tower  Falls.    Rare. 

Spiraea  betulifolia,  Pallas. 

Open  woods,  not  common.  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.  ;  Hot 
Sulphur  Springs  and  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams) ;  yellow- 
stone  (Parry). 

Spiraea  betulifolia,  Pallas,  var.  rosea,  Gray. 
Shoshone  Lake  (Coulter). 

Rubus  Nutkanus,  Mocino. 

Rather  rare  in  damp  wooded  slopes  and  ravines.  Slough  Creek,  8000 
ft.  alt.  ;  Cache  Creek,  7800  ft.  alt. 

Rubus  strigosus,  Michx. 

Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7400  ft.  alt. ;  Obsidian  Canon,  7600  ft.  alt,  ; 
Heart  Lake,  7500  ft.  alt.  ;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams).    Rather  local. 

Dryas  octopetala,  L. 

On  bare  alpine  summits.  Mt,  Holmes,  10,100  ft.  alt.  ;  Summits  at 
head  of  North  Fork  of  Stinkingwater,  10,300  ft.  alt.  ;  Slides,  Soda  Butte 
Creek,  8200  ft.  alt. 

Geum  macrophyllum,  Willd. 

Common  in  bogs  and  meadows  at  low  elevations.  Gardiner  River, 
5600  ft.  alt. ;  Tower  Falls,  6300  ft.  alt. 

Geum  triflorum,  Pursh. 

With  the  preceding,  but  more  frequently  on  dry  slopes  and  banks. 

Fragaria  vesoa,  L. 

Common  in  grassy  places  and  open  woods  from  6000-8000  ft.  alt. 
Producing  very  little  fruit. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  35 

Potentilla  glandulosa,  Lindl. 

Rather  common,  generally  in  dry  and  rocky  places.  Mirror  Lake 
Plateau,  8600  ft.  alt.  ;  Open  woods  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6400  ft.  alt. ; 
Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams). 

Potentilla  Norvegica,  L. 

Mud  Springs  and  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams). 

Potentilla  rivalis,  Nutt.,  var.  millegrana,  Watson  (P.  millegrana,  Engelra.). 
Sandy  bluffs  and  shores  of  Yellowstone  Lake,  7740  ft.  alt. 

Potentilla  palustris,  Scop. 

Shoshone  Lake  (Forwood). 

Potentilla  Plattensis,  Nutt. 

Grassy  summits  of  Specimen  Ridge  and  Amethyst  Mt.,  8500-9400  ft. 
alt,  ;  Mt.  Washburne,  9800  ft.  alt. ;  Stinkingwater  Pass  (Parry). 

Potentilla  dissecta,  Pursh  (P.  diversifolia,  Lehra.). 

Meadows  and  alpine  slopes,  from  6500-10,000  ft.  alt.  Common,  and 
varying  much  in  size  according  to  elevation. 

Potentilla  gracilis,  Dougl. 

Meadows  from  7000-9000  ft.  alt.  Antelope  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.  ; 
Yellowstone  Lake,  7740  ft.  alt. 

Potentilla  gracilis,  Dougl.,  var.  flabelliformis,  T.  and  G. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6400  ft.  alt.  ;  Cache  Creek,  7800  ft.  alt.  In 
rather  dryer  situations  than  the  last. 

Potentilla  gracilis,  Dougl.,  var.  rigida,  Watson  (P.  Niittallii,  Lehm.). 
Hot  Sulphur  Springs  (Adams). 

Potentilla  fruticosa,  L. 

Common  in  bogs  from  7000-9000  ft.  alt. 

Potentilla  Anserina,  L. 

Wet  places.  Delusion  Lake,  7800  ft.  alt.  ;  Mirror  Lake,  8900  ft.  alt.  ; 
Pelican  Creek,  7800  ft.  alt. ;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

Sibbaldia  procumbens,  L. 

Common  on  subalpine  and  alpine  slopes  and  summits,  but  frequently 
at  much  lower  elevations.  Rocky  hills,  Slough  Creek,  6800  ft.  alt.; 
Rocks,  Pelican  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt. 

Ivesia  Gordoni,  T.  and  G. 

Alpine  and  subalpine.     Very  common. 


36  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Rosa  Sayi,  Schwein. 

Wooded  and  open  rocky  places.  Slough  Creek,  6600  ft.  alt.;  Cache 
Creek,  7900  ft.  alt.;  Alum  and  Sour  Creeks,  7700  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone 
Lake,  7800  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Rosa  Arkansana,  Porter. 

Open  woods,  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.;  Thickets,  Soda 
Butte  Creek,  7800  ft.  alt.     Rather  rare. 

Pyrus  sambucifolia,  Cham  and  Schlecht. 

Sulphur  Hills,  Pelican  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt.;  Gibbon  Lakes,  8000  ft.  alt.; 
Rare. 

Amelanchier  alnifolia,  Ntrtt. 

Open  rocky  places  up  to  7500  ft.  alt.  Bison  Peak,  6800  ft.  alt.;  East 
Fork  of  the  Yellowstone,  7400  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Coulter). 
Not  common. 

SAXIPRAGACE^l. 

Saxifraga  oppositifolia,  L. 

High  alpine.  Mt.  Holmes,  10,100  ft.  alt.;  Mt.  Washbume,  10,000  ft. 
alt.     Mountains  along  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

Saxifraga  caespitosa,  L. 

Rocky,  wet  alpine  slopes,  near  snow,  North  Fork  of  Stinkingwater, 
10,200  ft.  alt. 

Saxifraga  bronchialis.  L. 

Rocky  knolls  along  Slouch  Creek,  6700  ft.  alt;  Yellowstone  Lake 
(Adams)  ;  Gallatin  Range  (W.  H.  Weed). 

Saxifraga  rivularis,  L. 
With  S.  ccespitosa,  L. 

Saxifraga  punctata,  L. 

Bogs  and  wooded  mountain  streams.  Common.  Indian  Creek,  8000 
ft.  alt.;  Slough  Creek,  7700  ft.  alt.;  Pelican  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt.;  Yellow- 
stone River  (Coulter);  Hot  Sulphur  Springs  and  Yellowstone  Falls 
(Adams). 

Saxifraga  Jamesii,  Torr. 

Hot  Sulphur  Springs  (Adams);  National  Park  (Coulter's  Bot.  of  the 
Rocky  Mts.) ;  Gallatin  Range  (W.  H.  Weed). 

Saxifraga  nivalis,  L. 

Wet  slopes  from  7500-9500  ft.  alt.;  Sepulchre  Mt.,  8000  ft.  alt.;  Mt. 
Washbuine,  9300  ft.  alt. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  37 

Saxifraga  integrifolia,  Hook. 

Meadows  and  bogs  at  rather  lower  elevations  than  the  last.  Swan 
Lake,  7300  ft.  alt. 

Tellima  pentandra,  Canby,  ined. 

Grassy  slopes,  Soda  Butte  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Tellima  parviflora,  Hook. 

Grassy  places,  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6300  ft.  alt.;  Soda  Butte  Creek, 
7800  ft.  alt.     Not  common. 

Tellima  tenella,  Watson. 

Rocky  places,  Cache  Creek,  9000  ft.  alt. ;  Specimen  Ridge,  8400  ft.  alt. 
Rare. 

Mitella  pentandra,  Hook. 

Bolder  of  woods,  Slough  Creek,  6500  ft.  alt.;  Rocky  places,  Sour 
Creek,  8400  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams).     Frequent. 

Mitella  trifida,  Graham. 

Wooded  slopes,  Soda  Butte  Creek,  8C00  ft.  alt.;  Mt.  Washbume,  8800 
ft.  alt.    Not  rare. 

Heuchera  cylindrica,  Dougl. 

Rocky  open  places,  G500-9000  ft.  alt.;  Soda  Butte  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.; 
Rocks,  Slough  Creek,  6700  ft.  alt. ;  Hot  Springs  along  the  Yellowstone, 
6200  ft.  alt. ;  Grand  Canon  of  the  Yellowstone,  Lower  Fire-hole  Basin 
(Coulter). 

Heuchera  parvifolia,  Nutt. 

Swan  Lake,  7400  ft.  alt.;  Cache  Creek,  7800  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  Lake 

(Adams). 

Parnassia  parviflora,  DC. 

Lower  Fire-hole  Basin  (Coulter). 

Parnassia  palustris,  L. 

Bogs,  Soda  Butte  Creek,  7600  ft.  alt. ;  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone 
(Adams). 

Parnassia  fimbriata,  Banks. 

Open  bogs  and  along  streams  fiom  6000-9000  ft.  alt.     Very  common. 

Ribes  oxyacanthoides,  L. 

Frequent  in  cold  bogs  and  along  mountain  streams,  7000-8500  ft.  alt. 

Eibes  lacustre,  Poir. 

Rocks,  Bison  Peak,  8700  ft.  alt. ;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams) ;  Yellow- 
stone (Parry). 


38  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Bibes  lacustre,  Poir,  var.  parvulum,  Gray. 

Slough  Creek,  6900  ft.  alt.;  Obsidian  Canon,  7600  ft.  alt. 

Ribes  prostratum,  I/Her. 

Tower  Falls,  6200  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams).    Rare. 

Ribes  Hudsonianum,  Richards. 

Along  streams,  Antelope  Creek.  6400  ft.  alt. ;  Tower  Falls,  6200  ft. 
alt.;  Yellowstone  Falls  (Adams).    Not  common. 

Ribes  cereum,  Dougl. 

Dry,  open  rocky  places,  Junction  Butte,  6200  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone 
Lake  (Adams).    Rare. 

Ribes  viscosissimum,  Pursh. 

Rocky  places  and  open-wooded  slopes  from  7000-9000  ft.  alt.;  Soda 
Butte,  7500  ft.  alt.;  Elephant  Back,  9000  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  (Pairy- 
Forwood). 

Ribes  floridum,  L. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.    Not  common. 

CRASSULACE.SS. 

Tillaea  angustifolia,  Nutt. 

Muddy  shore  of  ponds,  Yellowstone  Lake  with  Elatine  Americana. 

Sedum  rhodanthum,  Gray. 

Bogs,  Cache  Creek,  7000  ft.  alt.;  Gibbon  Lakes,  8000  ft.  alt ;  Tower 
Falls  (Coulter) ;  Mud  Springs,  Yellowstone  Lake  and  Upper  Falls  of  the 
Yellowstone  (Adams).    Rather  local. 

Sedum  stenopetalum,  Pursh. 

Very  common  throughout,  6000-10,000  ft.  alt. 

Sedum  Douglasii,  Hook. 

" Divide  between  Snake  River  and  Yellowstone  Lake,  8800  ft.  alt." 
(Adams), 

HALORAGE^. 

Hippuris  vulgaris,  L. 

In  great  quantities  in  sluggish  streams  and  shallow  ponds,  7500-8500 
ft.  alt.;  Lewis  Lake;  Delusion  Lake;  Riddle  Lake;  head  of  Bioad 
Creek. 

Myriophyllum  verticillatum,  L. 

Lakes,  head  of  Broad  Creek,  8400  ft.  alt. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  39 

ONAGRACE^J. 

Epilobium  spicatum,  Lam. 

Dry  places,  principally  on  the  burnt  areas.  Mammoth  Hot  Springs, 
6300  ft.  alt.;  Mirror  Lake  Plateau,  8800  ft.  alt.;  Alum  Creek  (Forwood); 
Mud  Springs  (Adams). 

Epilobium  latifolium,  L. 

Dry  washes  along  Soda  Butte  Creek,  7700  ft.  alt.     Not  common. 

Epilobium  suffruticosum,  Nutt. 

With  the  former.  Yellowstone  Lake  and  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellow- 
stone (Adams). 

Epilobium  alpinum,  L. 

Rather  common  on  subalpine  mountain  slopes. 

Epilobium  coloratum,  Muhl. 

Alum  Creek  (Forwood);  Mud  Springs  (Adams). 

Epilobium  Drummondii,  Hausknecht  (E.  origanifolium,  Lam.). 

"Hausknecht  does  not  allow  E.  origanifolium,  Lam.,  to  be  Ameri- 
can" (Watson).    Coal  bogs  and  mountain  streams,  7500-9500  ft.  alt. 

Epilobium  Hornemanni,  Reich,  (a  form  of  E.  origanifolium,  Lam.). 
With  the  preceding. 

Epilobium  paniculatum,  Nutt. 

Dry,  open  grassy  slopes.     Soda  Butte,  7000  ft.  alt. 

Gayophytum  ramosissimum,  Torr  and  Gray. 

Very  common  on  dry  banks  up  to  8000  ft.  alt. 

Gayophytum  raoemosum,  Torr  and  Gray. 
With  the  preceding. 

Oenothera  biennis,  L. 

Hot  Sulphur  Springs  and  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

<Enothera  albicaulis,  Nutt. 
Mud  Springs  (Adams). 

(Enothera  caespitosa,  Nutt. 

Dry  rocky  places.     Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  G400  ft.  alt.    Rare. 

(Enothera  triloba,  Nutt. 

Yellowstone  Lake  (Coulter). 

(Enothera  brachycarpa,  Gray  (CE.  marginata,  var.  purpurea). 

Hot  Sulphur  Springs  (Adaihs)  ;  Hot  Springs  along  the  Yellowstone 
(Coulter). 


40  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

(Enothera  breviflora,  Torr  and  Gray  (CE.  Nuttallii,  Torr  and  Gray). 

Wet  places.    Swan  Lake,  7400  ft.  alt.  ;  Yellowstone  (Parry,  Forwood). 

(Enothera  heterantha,  Nutt. 

Swan  Lake  with  the  preceding,  7400  ft.  alt.  ;  Blacktail  Deer  Creek, 
7200  ft.  alt. 

LOASACE^S. 

Mentzelia  dispersa,  Wats. 

Dry  banks  up  to  7500  ft.  alt.    Frequent. 

Mentzelia  laevicaulis,  T.  and  G. 

Hot  Sulphur  Springs  (Adams) ;  Mammoth  Hot  Springs  (W.  H.  Weed). 

UMBELLIFERiE. 

Carum  Gairdneri,  Benth.  and  Hook. 

Common  in  rather  moist  places,  6000-8500  ft.  alt. 

Berula  angustifolia,  Koch. 
Alum  Creek  (Forwood). 

Bupleurum  ranunculoides,  L. 
Yellowstone  (Parry). 

Osmorrhiza  nuda,  Torr. 

Rich,  damp,  open  woods  up  to  9000  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Angelica  pinnata,  Wats. 

Bogs  and  banks  of  streams.      Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7300  ft.  alt. ; 
East  Fork  of  the  Yellowstone,  8000  ft.  alt.    Rather  common. 

Angelica  Lyallii,  Wats. 

With  the  preceding,  but  rather  less  common.    Upper  Geyser  Basin, 
7300  ft.  alt. 

Cymopterus  alpinus,  Gray. 

Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams). 

Cymopterus  montanus,  Torr  and  Gray. 
Rocky  hills.     Gardiner,  5G00  ft.  alt. 

Peucedanum  simplex,  Nutt. 

Sepulchre  Mt.,  8000  ft.  alt. 

Peucedanum  ambiguum,  Nutt. 

Rocky  ridges  and  slides.     Slough  Creek,  8700  ft.  alt. ;  Mt.  Norris, 
9000  ft.  alt.     Frequent. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PABK.  41 

Peucedanum  macrocarpum,  Nutt. 

With  the  preceding.     Gardiner,  5400  ft.  alt. 

Peucedanum  nudicaule,  Nutt. 

Common  from  5500-10,000  ft.  alt.,  especially  on  bare  gravelly  sub- 
alpine  slopes.     Gardiner,  5600  ft.  alt.  ;  Mt.  Washburne,  9500  ft.  alt. 

Heracleum  lanatum,  Michx. 

Bogs  and  along  streams  up  to  8000  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Ferula  multifida,  Gray. 

Open  woods.     East  Pelican  Creek,  8400  ft.  alt.     Lewis  Lake,  7800  ft. 
alt.     Rather  rare. 

CORNACEJE. 

Cornus  Canadensis,  L. 

East  Pelican  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt.    Rare. 

Cornus  stolonifera,  Michx. 

Near  head  of  Pebble  Creek,  8500  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

CAPRIFOLIACE^S. 

Sambucus  racemosa,  L. 

Open  wooded  slopes.     Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7600  ft.  alt.  ;  Obsidian 
Canon  ;  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams).     Rather  local. 

Linnaea  borealis,  Gronov. 

Common  in  mossy,  damp  woods  up  to  9000  ft.  alt. 

Symphoricarpos  occidentalis,  Hook. 

About  Mammoth   Hot  Springs.     Yellowstone  Lake  ( Adams). 

Lonicera  Utahensis,  Wats. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6500  ft  alt.     Rare. 

Lonicera  caerulea,  L. 

Bogs.     Head  of  Gibbon  River,  8000  ft.  alt.  ;  Yellowstone  (Parry). 

Lonicera  involucrata,  Banks. 

Common  on  the  borders  of  meadows  and  in  open  woods,  especially 
from  8000-9000  ft.  alt. 

RUBIACE^I. 

Galium  Aparine,  L.  ' 

Gibbon  Meadows,  7500  ft.  alt.  ;  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6400  ft.  alt.  ; 
Yellowstone  River,  6400  ft.  alt.  (Coulter).     Not  common. 

Galium  Aparine,  L.,  var.  Vaillantii,  Koch  (G.  Aparine,  L.,  var.  minor,  Hook). 
Mouth  of  Soda  Butte  Creek,  6600  ft.  alt. 


42  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Galium  triflorum,  Michx. 

Common  in  damp  places  throughout.   Mammoth  Hot  Sprngs,  6400  ft. 
alt  ;  Mirror  Lake,  8800  ft.  alt. 

Galium  trifidum,  L. 

With  the  preceding,  but  rather  less  frequent. 

Galium  boreale,  L. 

Moist  meadows  and  borders  of  woods.     Very  common  from  7500- 
9000  ft.  alt. 

Galium  bifolium,  Wats. 

Gravelly  slides.     Soda  Butte  Creek,  near  the  eastern  boundary  of  the 
Park,  8500  ft.  alt. 

VALERIANACEiE. 

Valeriana  edulis,  Nutt. 

A  characteristic  bog  plant  of  the  region,  6500-9000  ft.  alt. 

Valeriana  sylvatioa,  Banks. 

With  the  preceding,  but  often  in  dryer  situations. 

COMPOSITE. 

Liatris  punctata,  Hook. 

Dry  benches  near  Gardiner,  5400  ft.  alt.  ;  common  along  the  Yellow- 
stone River  beyond  the  limits  of  the  Park. 

Gutierrezia  Euthamiae,  Torr  and  Gray. 
With  the  preceding. 

Chrysopsis  villosa,  Nutt. 

A  characteristic  and  common  plant  of  the  hot  spring  and  geyser 
areas. 

Chrysopsis  villosa,  Nutt.,  var.  hispida,  Gray. 

Madison  Lake  (Coulter) ;  Yellowstone  (Parry). 

Aplopappus  uniflorus,  Torr  and  Gray. 

Rather  common  on  hot  spring  and  geyser  formations ;  not  observed 
elsewhere. 

Aplopappus  Lyallii,  Gray. 

Common  on  nearly  all  the  alpine  slopes  and  summits  from  9500- 
10,500  ft.  alt. 


FLORA  OF  TI1E  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  43 

Aplopappus  acaulis,  Gray. 

Common  over  the  northern  poition.  Sepulchre  Mt.,  9200  ft.  alt.  ; 
Mt.  Holmes,  9800  ft.  alt. 

Aplopappus  suffruticosus,  Gray. 

Sepulchre  Mt.,  9000  ft.  alt. ;  Yellowstone  (Parry). 

Aplopappus  Macronema,  Gray. 

Gravelly  open  places.  Elephant  Back,  8500  ft.  alt.  (722  a  less 
tomentose  form).  Sandy  beaches  along  Yellowstone  Lake  near  mouth 
of  Pelican  Creek  (723). 

Bigelovia  graveolens,  Gray. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6000  ft.  alt.  (a  glabrous  form);  Lower  Geyser 
Basin  (Coulter).     Not  common  within  the  Park. 

Bigelovia  Douglasii,  Gray. 

A  form  approaching  var.  serrulata,  Gray  ;  with  the  preceding,  but  not 
common.  A  dwarf  form  (near  var,  pumila,  Gray)  is  found  over  the 
open  dry  areas  up  to  8000  ft.  alt. 

Solidago  multiradiata,  Ait.,  var.  scopulorum,  Gray. 

Meadows  and  slopes,  7500-9500  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Solidago  Missouriensis,  Nutt. 

Rather  common  up  to  8000  ft.  alt.  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft. 
alt.  ;  Yellowstone  Lake,  7900  feet. 

Solidago  Missouriensis,  Nutt.,  var.  montana,  Gray. 

Border  of  woods.     Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6100  ft.  alt. 

Solidago  Canadensis,  L. 

Found  with  8.  Missouriensis,  but  rather  more  common. 

Solidago  nana,  Nutt. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.    Not  common. 

Townsendia  Parryi,  Eaton. 

Common  in  the  northwestern  portion  of  the  Park.  Grassy  Slopes, 
Swan  Lake,  7400  ft.  alt.     Subalpine,  Mt.  Holmes,  9400  ft.  alt. 

i 

Townsendia  Parryi,  Eaton,  var.  alpina,  Gray. 

Alpine  summits  between  East  Fork  of  the  Yellowstone  and  the 
Stinkingwater,  10,200  ft.  alt.  ;  "High  divide  between  the  Yellowstone 
and  the  Stinkingwater  "  (Parry). 

Townsendia  scapigera,  Eaton. 
Mt.  Holmes,  10,000  ft.  alt. 


44  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Townsendia  sericea,  Hook. 

Bare  rocky  summit  of  Saddle  Mt.,  upper  East  Fork,  10,200  ft.  alt. 
(697);  "The  northern  form  of  Hooker,  with  pappus  of  ray  flowers 
reduced"  (Gray). 

Aster  Sibiricus,  L. 

Open  dry  woods.  Pelican  Cone,  8700  ft.  alt. ;  Mammoth  Hot  Springs, 
6200  ft.  alt. 

Aster  conspicuus,  Lindl. 

With  the  preceding,  but  less  frequent.  Yellowstone  (Parry, 
Forwood). 

Aster  integrifolius,  Nutt. 

Meadows  and  border  of  woods,  common  from  6500-8500  ft.  alt. 

Aster  campestris,  Nutt. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt. 

Aster  commutatus. 

Dry  benches,  Cache  Creek,  7500  ft.  alt.  ;  Mammoth  Hot  Springs, 
6200  ft.  alt.     Not  common. 

Aster  longifolius,  Lam.  ? 

Border  of  bogs,  Gardiner  River,  6200  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Aster  adscendens,  Lindl. 

Rather  common,  from  6000-8000  ft.  alt. ;  Stevenson  Island,  Yellow- 
stone Lake ;  Gibbon  Meadows,  7500  ft.  alt. ;  Hot  Sulphur  Springs 
(Adams). 

Aster  Fremonti,  Gray. 

Mt.  Washburne,  9000  ft.  alt. 

Aster  foliaceus,  Lindl. 

Meadows,  and  especially  grassy  slopes,  from  8000-9000  ft.  alt.  Com- 
mon.    Turbid  Lake,  7900  ft.  alt. ;  Mt.  Holmes,  9000  ft.  alt. 

Aster  foliaceus,  Lindl.,  var.  apricus,  Gray. 
Bell  Peak,  9000  ft.  alt. 

Aster  scopulorum,  Gray. 

Dry  rocky  benches.     Gardiner,  5600  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Aster  Engelmanni,  Gray. 

Rather  common  on  grassy  slopes,  from  7500-8500  ft.  alt.  Rays 
always  white. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  45 

Aster  elegans,  Torr  and  Gray. 

With  the  preceding,  but  less  frequent.  Antelope  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.  ; 
Mirror  Lake  Plateau,  8800  ft.  alt.  ;  Hot  Sulphur  Springs  (Adams)  ; 
Yellowstone  (Parry). 

Aster  pulchellus,  Eaton. 

Common  on  wet  subalpine  slopes,  from  9000-10,000  ft.  alt. 

Aster  canescens,  Pursh. 

Sandy  shore  of  Yellowstone  Lake  near  Pelican  Creek ;  Alum  Creek 
(Forwood)  ;  Yellowstone  (Parry).     Rather  rare. 

Erigeron  uniflorus,  L. 

Alpine  and  subalpine.  Common  throughout.  Frequently  with 
white  rays. 

Erigeron  lanatus,  Hook. 

With  the  preceding,  but  less  common. 

Erigeron  salsuginosus,  Gray. 

Moist  meadows  and  grassy  slopes,  8000  ft.  alt.  to  alpine.  Mt.  Wash- 
burne,  9500  ft.  alt.,  an  alpine  form  with  white  rays  (123).  Extremely 
common. 

Erigeron  salsuginosus,  Gray,  var.  angustifolius,  Gray. 

Mt.  Norris,  9500  ft.  alt. ;  head  of  East  Pelican  Creek,  8G00  ft.  alt. 

Erigeron  macranthus,  Nutt. 

Grassy  slopes  and  border  of  woods,  from  6000-9000  ft.  alt.  Fre- 
quent. Gardiner  River,  6000  ft.  alt.  ;  Mt.  Washburne,  8500  ft.  alt. 
Shoshone  Lake,  7600  ft.  alt. 

Erigeron  glabellas,  Nutt. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Erigeron  compositus,  Pursh. 

Slough  Creek,  7200  ft.  alt. ;  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone 
(Adams).     Rare. 

Erigeron  compositus,  Pursh.,  var.  discoideus,  Gray. 

Bare  ridges  and  slopes,  from  6000  ft.  alt.  to  alpine.     The  common  form. 

Erigeron  peucephyllus,  Gray. 

Dry  volcanic  soil,  Junction  Butte,  6300  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Erigeron  ursinus,  Eaton. 
Yellowstone  (Parry). 


46  FLORA  OP  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Erigeron  radicatus,  Hook. 

Alpine  slopes,  with  E.  uniflorus.    Frequent. 

Erigeron  ochroleucus,  Nutt. 

Meadows  along  Slough  Creek,  6600  ft.  alt. 

Erigeron  ceespitosus,  Nutt. 

Grassy  slopes.     Specimen  Ridge,  8000  ft.  alt.;  Mud  Springs  (Adams). 
Not  common. 

Erigeron  corymbosus,  Nutt. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6400  ft.  alt. ;  Lower  Geyser  Basin  (Coulter) ; 
Mud  Springs  (Adams). 

Erigeron  acris,  L. 

Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7400  ft.  alt. ;  Mirror  Lake  Plateau,  8700  ft. 
alt.    Local. 

Erigeron  armeriaefolius,  Turcz. 

Bogs  and  wet  meadows.    Indian  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt.  ;   Soda  Butte 
Creek,  7000  ft.  alt. 

Antennaria  flagellaris,  Gray. 

Bare  rocky  ridges,  Mt.  Norris,  9200  ft.  alt. 

4 

Antennaria  Carpathica,  R.  Br.,  var.  pulcherrima,  Hook. 

Common  in  bogs  and  wet  meadows,  from  7000-8500  ft.  alt. 

Antennaria  alpina,  Gaertn. 

Rather  common  on  alpine  and  subalpine  summits. 

Antennaria  dioica,  Gaertn. 

Common  on  dry  benches  and  ridges  at  low  elevations. 

Antennaria  dioica,  Gaertn.,  var.  rosea. 
Gardiner,  5300  ft.  alt.    Rare. 

Anaphalis  margaritacea,  Benth.  and  Hook. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.  ;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 
Not  common. 

Gnaphalium  Sprengelii,  Hook,  and  Am. 

A  characteristic  plant  of  the  hot  spring  and  geyser  areas. 

Iva  xantbiifolia,  Nutt. 

Yellowstone  (Forwood). 

Iva  axillaris,  Pursh. 

"Hot  springs  along  the  Yellowstone"  (Forwood). 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  4t 

Budbeckia  occidentalis,  N  m  r. 

Along  streams  and  wet  slopes  on  border  of  woods.  Panther 
Creek,  8200  ft.  alt. ;  Obsidian  Canon,  7500  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Balsamorrhiza  sagittata,  Nutt. 

Open  grassy  slopes  up  to  8500  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Wyetbia  helianthoides,  Nutt. 

Wet  meadows,  Indian  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt.  Rare  in  the  Park,  but 
common  on  its  northwest  borders,  along  the  Gallatin  River. 

Gymnolomia  multiflora,  Benth.  and  Hook. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6800  ft.  alt.  ;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 
Rare. 

Helianthus  Nuttallii,  Torr  and  Gray. 

In  water  or  wet  soil.  Gardiner,  6300  ft.  alt.  ;  Mammoth  Hot  Springs, 
6200  ft.  alt. ;  Alum  Creek  (Forwood) ;  Lower  Geyser  Basin  (Coulter;. 
Not  common. 

Helianthella  quinquenervis,  Gray. 

Grassy  slopes.  Soda  Butte  Creek,  near  eastern  boundary  of  the  Park, 
7800  ft.  alt. 

Helianthella  Douglasii,  Torr  and  Gray. 

Very  common  on  grassy  slopes,  from  6000-9000  ft.  alt. 

Madia  glomerata,  Hook. 

Common  in  dry  meadows  up  to  8500  ft.  alt. 

Eriophyllum  oaespitosum,  Dougl. 

Rocky  banks  on  the  borders  of  timber.     Rather  common. 

Chaenactis  Douglasii,  Hook  and  Arn. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.;  Sand  beaches,  Yellowstone 
Lake,   7740   ft.  ;    Fire-hole  River    (Coulter) ;    Upper    Geyser    Basin 

(Forwood). 

Gaillardia  aristata,  Pursh. 

Open  woods.     Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.    Rare. 

Achillea  millefolium,  L. 
Common  everywhere. 

Artemisia  dracunculoides,  Pursh. 

Dry  banks  and  sandy  lake  shores.  Indian  Creek,  7500  ft.  alt. ;  Sand 
beaches,  Yellowstone  Lake,  7740  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  River  (Coulter). 


48  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Artemisia  scopulorum,  Gray. 
Common  on  alpine  slopes. 

Artemisia  frigida,  Willd. 

Common  about  Blacktail  Deer  Creek  and  Mammoth  Hot  Springs, 
)00-7500ft.  alt.;  but  rati 

Artemisia  Ludoviciana,  Nutt. 
With  A.  dracunculoide8. 

Artemisia  discolor,  Dougl. 


Artemisia  discolor,  Dougl.,  var.  incompta,  Gray. 
Lower  Geyser  Basin  (Coulter). 

Artemisia  arbuscula,  Nutt. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.;  Hayden  Valley,  8000  ft.  alt. 

Artemisia  tridentata,  Nutt. 

Common  on  nearly  all  the  dry  open  areas  up  to  about  8500  ft.  alt. 

Artemisia  cana,  Pursh. 

With  the  preceding,  and  perhaps  more  abundant. 

Tetradymia  cane  see  ns,  DC. 

Gardiner,  6300  ft.  alt.     Rare  in  the  Park. 

Arnica  cordifolia,  Hook. 

Common  in  open  woods  from  6000-9000  ft.  alt. 

Arnica  latifolia,  Bong. 

With  the  preceding,  but  less  common. 

Arnica  Chamissonis,  Less. 

Along  streams  in  open  woods.  Pelican  Cone,  8600  ft.  alt.;  Wet  woods, 
Mirror  Lake  Plateau,  8800  ft.  alt. ;  Yellowstone  Falls  and  Yellowstone 
Lake  (Adams).     Rather  local. 

Arnica  longifolia,  Eaton. 

Dry  washes  along  Cache  Creek,  6800  ft.  alt.,  and  Pebble  Creek,  8000 
ft.  alt. 

Arnica  foliosa,  Nutt. 

Generally  with  A.  Chamissonis.  Meadows,  Blacktail  Deer  Creek, 
7400  ft. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  49 

Arnica  Parryi,  Gray. 

Pine  woods,  East  Pelican  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  (Parry). 
Rare. 

Arnica  alpina,  Olin. 

Common  on  subalpine  and  alpine  slopes.  On  rocky  ridges  and  sum- 
mits along  East  Fork,  8500-900U  ft.  alt.,  occurs  a  3-cephalous  form. 

Senecio  Fremonti,  Torr.  and  Gray. 

Slides  along  Soda  Butte  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Senecio  triangularis,  Hook. 

Common  in  bogs  and  wet  meadows,  from  7000-9000  ft.  alt.;  Red  Mt., 
10,000  ft.  alt.  (Coulter). 

Senecio  serra,  Hook.,  var.  integriusculus,  Gray. 

Turbid  Lake,  7900  ft.  alt.;  Shoshone  Lake  (Coulter). 

Senecio  crassulus,  Gray. 

Bogs,  Pebble  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.;  Indian  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.  Frequent. 

Senecio  hydrophilus,  Nutt. 

Brackish  marshes  and  muddy  shores.    Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft. 
alt. ;  Outlet  of  Yellowstone  Lake  ;  Alum  Creek  (Forwood). 
Senecio  integerrimus,  Nutt. 

Bogs,  Pebble  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt.  (a  form  with  solitary  heads).    Rare. 

Senecio  lugens,  Richards. 

Very  common  in  bogs  from  7500-9000  ft.  alt. 

Senecio  canus,  Hook. 

Common  in  dry  open  places  up  to  8000  ft.  alt. 

Senecio  aureus,  L.,  var.  subnudus,  Gray. 

Rather  common  in  grassy  bogs.  Lakes,  head  of  Gibbon  River,  8000 
ft.  alt.;  Mirror  Lake  Plateau,  8800  ft.  alt.;  Lower  Geyser  Basin 
(Coulter). 

Senecio  aureus,  L.,  var.  croceus,  Gray. 
Yellowstone  Lake  (Coulter). 

Cnicus  Hookerianus,  Gray. 

Dry  marshes  along  Soda  Butte  Creek,  7500  ft.  alt. ;  Rocky,  subalpine 
ridges  of  Mt.  Morris,  9000  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Cnicus  Drummondii,  Gray. 

Very  common  in  open  places  up  to  8500  ft.  alt.,  from  a  few  inches  to 
several  feet  in  length. 
4 


50  FLORA  OP  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Stephanomeria  minor,  Nutt. 
Alum  Creek  (Forwood). 

Stephanomeria  exigua,  Nutt. 
Mud  Springs  (Adams). 

Mioroseris  nutans,  Gray. 

Grassy  meadows,  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt. 

Hieraoium  graoile,  Hook. 

Pine  woods  from  7500-9000  ft.  alt.     Frequent. 

Hieraoium  albiflorum,  Hook. 
With  the  preceding. 

Hieraoium  cynoglossoides,  Arvet. 

Rich  grassy  slopes.     Bell's  Peak,  8500  ft.  alt.;  Mt.  Washburne,  8000 
ft.  alt.     Frequent. 

Crepis  runcinata,  Torr.  and  Gray. 

Wet   meadows.      Indian  Creek,    8000    ft.   alt.;    Yellowstone    Cake 
(Adams). 

Crepis  aouminata,  Nutt. 

Dry  banks.     Mammoth  Hot  Springs,   6400  ft.   alt.;  Grassy  slopes, 
Swan  Lake,  7500  ft.  alt. 

Crepis  ocoidentalis,  Nutt. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.;  Firehole  River  (Coulter);  Upper 
Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams).     Rather  common. 

Lygodesmia  junoea,  Don. 

Gardiner,  5300  ft.  alt.;  Mud  Springs  (Adams).     Rare. 

Lygodesmia  spinosa,  Nutt. 

Dry  benches,  Gardiner.     Rare. 

Hulsea  nana,  Gray. 

Slides,  Mt.  Holmes,  10,000  ft.  alt.    Frequent  in  the  Gallatin  Range. 

Troximon  glaucum,  Nutt. 

Meadows  and  slopes,  common  throughout. 

Troximon  aurantiacum,  Hook. 

Meadows  and  open  woods  up  to  9000  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Taraxacum  officinale,  Weber,  var.  lividum,  Koch. 

Bogs,  Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7400  ft.  alt.;  Pebble  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt. 
Not  common. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  51 

Taraxacum  officinale,  Weber,  var.  scopulorum,  Gray. 
Slides,  Soda  Butte  Creek,  8600  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Lactuca  pulchella,  DC. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  Lake,  7800  ft.  alt.; 
Alum  Creek  (Forwaid).     Frequent. 

LOBELIACEiE. 

Laurentia  carnosula,  Benth. 

Muddy  shore  of  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

CAMPANULACE^I. 
Campanula  rotundifolia,  L. 

Grassy  places.     Very  common  from  6000-9000  ft.  alt. 

ERICACEAE!. 

Vaccinium  myrtilloides,  Hook. 

Damp  woods.     Pelican  Creek,  8400  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Vaccinium  occidentale,  Gray. 

Wooded  bogs  head  of  the  Gibbon  River,  8000  ft.  alt.  (3-3  feet  in 
height).     Rare. 

Vaccinium  caespitosum,  Miclix. 
Shoshone  Lake  (Coulter). 

Vaccinium  Myrtillus,  L.,  var.  microphyllum,  Hook. 

Dense  and  sparsely  wooded  slopes  and  plateaus,  from  7500-9000  ft. 
alt.  Extremely  common.  Frequently  the  only  vegetation  in  dense 
pine  woods.     Berries  always  light  red. 

Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng. 

Common  in  dry  rocky  places,  especially  over  hot  spring  and  geyser 
areas. 

Gaultheria  Myrsinites,  Hook. 

Mossy,  damp  woods.  Gibbon  Lakes,  8000  ft.  alt.  ;  Broad  Creek, 
8500  ft.  alt. 

Bryanthus  empetriformis,  Gray. 

Subalpine  wet  slopes  on  the  borders  of  timber.     Rather  common. 

Kalmia  glauca,  Ait. 

Bogs.  Sour  Creek,  8600  ft.  alt.,  2-6  inches  high  (var.  microphylla, 
Hook).     "Shoshone  Lake  on  geyserite  "  (Coulter).     Not  common. 


52  FLORA  OP  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Ledum  grandulosum,  Nutt. 

Generally  in  dense  damp  fir  woods  from  3000-9500  ft.  alt. 

Chimaphila  umbellata,  Nutt. 

Soda  Butte  Creek,  8500  ft.  alt.  ;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams).     Rare. 

Moneses  uniflora,  Gray. 

Deep  moist  woods.  Soda  Butte  Creek,  8500  ft.  alt.  ;  East  Pelican 
Creek,  8600  ft.  alt.  ;  Yellowstone  Lake  and  Yellowstone  Falls  (Adams). 
Not  common. 

Pyrola  secunda,  L. 

Cache  Creek,  7600  ft.  alt. ;  Mirror  Lake,  8800  ft.  alt. ;  Firebole 
River  (Coulter);  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams).     Frequent. 

Pyrola  chlorantha,  Swartz. 

"Woods.  Cache  Creek,  8500  ft.  alt. ;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 
Rare. 

Pyrola  rotundifolia,  L.,  var.  uliginosa,  Gray. 

Fir  woods.  Soda  Butte  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.  ;  Upper  Falls  of  the 
Yellowstone  (Adams). 

Pyrola  picta,  Smith. 

Dry  timbered  slopes.  Sulphur  Hills,  Pelican  Creek,  9000  ft.  alt. 
Rare. 

Pterospora  andromedea,  Nutt. 

Under  Pinus  Murrayana.  Yellowstone  Lake  ;  along  the  Yellowstone 
(Coulter);  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams).     Rather  rare. 

Monotropa  Hypopitys,  L. 

Rather  common  in  pine  woods. 

PRIMULACEiE. 

Dodecatheon  Meadia,  L. 

Bogs  and  wet  slopes,  from  6000-9000  ft.  alt. 

Douglasia  montana,  Gray. 

Alpine  summit  of  Mt.  Holmes,  1000  ft.  alt. 

Androsace  septentrionalis,  L. 

In  wet  open  places,  from  6000  ft.  alt.  to  alpine.  Rather  common. 
Swan  Lake,  7400  ft.  alt. ;  Mt.  Washburne,  9800  ft.  alt.  ;  Yellowstone 
Lake  (Adams). 


PLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  63 

Androsace  filiformis,  Retz. 

With  the  preceding  at  low  elevations. 

Centunculus  minimus,  L. 

Border  of  bogs.     Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt. 

.    GENTIANACEJE. 

Gentiana  serrata,  Gunner. 

Wet  places,  .6000-8500  ft.  alt.     Common  almost  everywhere. 

Gentiana  Amarella,  L.,  var.  acuta,  Hook. 

Bogs.  Indian  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.;  Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7500  ft.  alt.; 
Cache  Creek,  7600  ft.  alt. ;  Heart  Lake  (Coulter).    Frequent. 

Gentiana  Forwoodii,  Gray. 

Rather  dry  meadows,  6000-8000  ft.  alt. ;  Yellowstone  Lake  at  outlet, 
7800  ft.  alt.  ;  East  Fork,  7500  ft.  alt.  In  lower  and  dryer  situations 
than  O.  serrata,  and  much  less  common. 

Swertia  perennis,  L. 

Yellowstone  Falls  (Parry)  ;  Yellowstone  (Forwood). 

Frasera  speoiosa,  Dougl. 

Common  in  meadows  and  on  grassy  slopes,  from  6000-8000  ft.  alt. 

POLEMONIACEJE. 

Phlox  canescens,  Torr.  and  Gray. 

Grassy  slopes  about  Swan  Lake  and  Indian  Creek,  7300  8000  ft.  alt. 
June  15,  with  P.  Douglasii,  Hook,  var.  longifolia,  Gray,  but  flowering 
about  two  weeks  earlier. 

Phlox  Douglasii,  Hook. 

Very  common  on  subalpine  and  alpine  slopes  throughout. 

Phlox  Douglasii,  Hook,  var.  longifolia,  Gray. 

Dry  slopes  at  lower  elevations  than  the  type.     Very  common. 

Phlox  longifolia,  Nutt. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6400  ft.  alt. 

Phlox  longifolia,  Nutt.,  var.  brevifolia,  Gray. 
Rocks,  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

Gilia  linearis,  Gray. 

Common  throughout  at  low  elevations. 


54  FLORA  OP  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Gilia  gracilis,  Hook. 

With  the  preceding,  but  less  common. 

Gilia  liniflora,  Benth.,  var.  pharnaceoides,  Gray. 

Dry  open  places  at  low  elevations.     Rather  common. 

Gilia  nudicaulis,  Gray. 

Moist  meadows.     Swan  Lake,  7400  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Gilia  pungens,  Benth. 

Rocky  ridges,  Tower  Falls,  6400  ft.  alt.  ;  Slides,  Mt.  Evarts,  7000 
ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Gilia  tenerrima,  Gray. 

Dry  banks.     Soda  Butte,  0800  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Polemonium  confertum,  Gray. 

Alpine  and  subalpine  rocky  slopes.     Common. 

Polemonium  humile,  Willd.,  var.  pulchellum,  Gray. 
Dry  slopes  from  5500-8000  ft.  alt.     Frequent. 

Polemonium  cseruleum,  L. 

Bogs  and  wet  meadows.     Indian  Creek,  7500  ft.  alt. ;   Alum  Creek 
(Forwood);  Lower  Geyser  Basin  (Coulter);  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

Polemonium  foliosissimum,  Gray. 

Stevenson  Island,  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams) ;    Yellowstone  Lake 
(Coulter). 

HYDROPHYLLACEJE. 

Nemophila  breviflora,  Gray. 

Dry  slopes.     Soda  Butte,  6700  ft.  alt. 

Ellisia  Nyotelea,  L. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs. 

Phacelia  circinata,  Jacq.  F. 

Dry  open  places  up  to  8000  ft.  alt. 

Phacelia  Franklinii,  Gray. 

Sepulchre  Mt.,  7500  ft.  alt.  ;  Tower  Falls,  6400  ft.  alt.  ;  Yellowstone 
Lake.     Frequent. 

Phacelia  sericea,  Gray. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  7000  ft.  alt.  ;  Geode  Creek,  7500  ft.  alt.;  Red 
Mt.,  9600  ft.  alt.  (Coulter). 

Phacelia  Menziesii,  Torr. 
Mud  Springs  (Adams). 


FLORA  OF  'THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  55 

BORRAGINACE./E. 

Echinospermum  floribundum,  Lehm. 

Common  about  Mammoth  Hot  Springs. 

Echinospermum  Redowskii,  Lehm.,  var.  occidentale,  Wats. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6400  ft.  alt.;   Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 
Rare. 

Omphalodes  nana,  Gray,  var.  aretioides,  Gray  (Eritrichium  nanum,  Schrad., 
var.  aretioides,  Herder.) 
On  most  of  the  high  alpine  summits  throughout. 

Krynitzkia  Californica,  Gray. 

Muddy  shore  of  ponds  at  outlet  of  Yellowstone  Lake. 

Krynitzkia  ambigua,  Gray  (Eritrichium  muriculatum,  var.  ambigm/m,  Gray). 
Common  on  open  dry  slopes  at  low  elevations. 

Krynitzkia  Torreyana,  Gray  (Eritrichium  leiocarpum,  Wats.,  Bot.  King  Ex., 
in  part). 
With  the  preceding. 

Krynitzkia  crassisepala,  Gray. 
Mammoth  Hot  Springs. 

Krynitzkia  sericea,  Gray  (Eritrichium  glomeratum,  var.  humile,  Gray). 
Dry  benches,  Gardiner,  5300  ft.  alt. 

Mertensia  Sibirica,  Don. 

Wet  meadows,  slopes  and  along  mountain  streams.     Very  common, 
from  8000-9000  ft.  alt.     Flowering  in  August 

Mertensia  lanceolata,  DC. 

At  lower  elevations  and  less  common.     Flowering  in  June. 

Mertensia  alpina,  Don. 

Wet  subalpine  and  alpine  slopes.     Common. 

Myosotis  sylvatica,  Hoffra.,  var.  alpestris,  Koch. 

Common  throughout,  from  6000-10,000  ft.  alt. 

SCROPHULAKIACE^. 

Collinsia  parviflora,  Dougl. 

Common  throughout  at  low  altitudes. 


56  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Penstemon  Menziesii,  Hook. 

Rocky  ridges  and  slides.  Mt.  Holmes,  9500  ft.  alt.;  Mt.  Norris,  9700 
ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams).  Not  common.  Corolla  pink- 
purple. 

Penstemon  Menziesii,  Dougl.,  var.  Douglasii,  Gray. 

Rocks  along  Slough  Creek,  6500  ft.  alt.  Leaves  from  lanceolate  to 
linear  lanceolate,  l-2£  inches  long,  sparsely  serrulate.  Corolla  violet- 
purple.     Rare. 

Penstemon  glaber,  Pursh. 

Rather  common  on  open  dry  slopes  up  to  7500  ft.  alt. 

Penstemon  glaber,  Pursh.,  var.  cyananthus,  Gray. 
Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6500  ft.  alt. 

Penstemon  deustus,  Dougl. 

Dry  rocky  soil,  Junction  Butte,  6200  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Penstemon  confertus,  Dougl.,  var.  caeruleo-purpureus,  Gray. 

Common  throughout  up  to  8500  ft.  alt.;  Upper  East  Fork,  10,300  ft. 
alt.  (alpine  forms  from  2-4  inches  high). 

Penstemon  gracilis,  Nutt. 

Rocky  places  about  Mammoth  Hot  Springs  and  Swan  Lake,  5300- 
7500  ft.  alt. 

Mimulus  nanus,  Hook  &  Am. 

Rather  rare  about  the  hot  springs  and  geysers.  Upper  Geyser  Basin, 
7300  ft.  alt.;  Hot  Springs  (Parry);  Crater  Hills  (Coulter). 

Mimulus  rubellus,  Gray. 

Swan  Lake,  7400  ft.  alt. ;  Slough  Creek,  6500  ft.  alt.  Flowers  yellow 
or  rose  color. 

Mimulus  montioides,  Gray  in  Suppl.  Flor.  N.  A.,  450. 
With  the  preceding,  but  less  common. 

Mimulus  moschatus,  Dougl. 

Mossy  bogs  and  about  springs.  East  Pelican  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt.; 
Cache  Creek,  7700  ft.  alt. 

Mimulus  Lewisii,  Pursh. 

Bogs,  mountain  streams  and  wet  subalpine  slopes.  Common  above 
8000  ft.  alt. 

Mimulus  luteus,  L. 

Bogs  and  streams.     Common  up  to  8000  ft.  alt. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  57 

Limosella  aquatica,  L. 

Muddy  shore  of  ponds.  Turbid  lake,  7900  ft.  alt. ;  Ponds  at  outlet  of 
Yellowstone  Lake. 

Synthyris  rubra,  Benth. 

Open  slopes  from  6500-9000  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Veronica  Anagallis,  L. 

Heart  Lake  (Coulter). 

Veronica  Americana,  Schwein. 

Bogs  and  wet  places,  rather  common  up  to  8000  ft.  alt. ;  Indian  Creek, 
8000  It.  alt.;  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6000  ft.  alt. 

Veronica  scutellata,  L. 

With  the  preceding.  East  Fork,  7000  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  Lake 
(Adams). 

Veronica  alpina,  L. 

Wet  meadows  and  slopes  from  7500  ft.  alt.  to  alpine.     Common. 

Veronica  serpyllifolia,  L. 

Wet  meadows  and  muddy  shores  of  ponds  up  to  8500  ft.  alt. 
Frequent. 

Veronica  peregrina,  L. 

With  the  preceding,  but  less  common.     Yellowstone  Lake  at  outlet. 

Castilleia  minor,  Gray. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt. ;  Upper  Geyser  Basin,  7300  ft.  alt.; 
Mud  Springs  (Adams).     Local. 

Castilleia  parviflora,  Bong. 

Bogs  and  meadows  up  to  8000  ft.  alt.  Frequent.  Replaced  at  higher 
elevations  by  G.  miniata. 

Castilleia  miniata,  Dougl. 

Bogs,  wet  meadows  and  slopes  from  7000  to  9500  ft.  alt. ;  Extremely 
common  above  8500  ft.  alt.  over  subalpine  meadows  and  slopes.  Flowers 
all  shades  of  red,  scarlet,  crimson,  cream  color  and  white. 

Castilleia  pallida,  Kunth.,  var.  septentrionalis,  Gray. 
Rather  common  on  subalpine  slopes. 

Castilleia  pallida,  Kunth.,  var.  occidentalis,  Gray. 

High  alpine  summits.  North  Fork  of  the  Stinkingwater,  10,300  ft. 
alt. 


58  FLORA  OP  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARR. 

Orthocarpus  pallescens,  Gray. 

Rather  dry  meadows,  6000-8000  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Orthocarpus  luteus,  Nutt. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  0200  ft.  alt. ;  Hot  Springs,  Yellowstone  Lake  ; 
Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

Orthocarpus  pilosus,  Wats. 

Wet  meadows.  Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7400  ft.  alt. ;  Slongh  Creek,  G600 
ft.  alt. 

Pedicularis  Groenlandica,  Retz. 

Common  throughout  in  bogs  from  7000-9000  ft.  alt. 

Pedicularis  racemosa,  Dougl. 

Open  pine  woods.  East  Pelican  Creek,  8600  ft.  alt. ;  Saddle  Mt.,  8600 
ft.  alt.;  Indian  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  and  Shoshone  Lakes 
(Coulter). 

Pedicularis  Parryi,  Gray. 

11  Pine  woods  at  foot  of  Yellowstone  Lake  "  (Parry). 

Pedicularis  bracteosa,  Benth. 

Border  of  woods  generally  with  P.  racemosa. 

Pedicularis  scopulorum,  Gray. 

Swan  Lake,  7400  ft.  alt.     Frequent  on  subalpine  and  alpine  slopes. 

OROBANCHACEiE. 

Aphyllon  fasciculatum,  Gray. 

Soda  Butte,  6800  ft.  alt.;  Hayden's  Valley,  8000  ft.  alt.  On  Artemisia. 

Aphyllon  Ludovicianum,  Gray. 

Sulphur  Hills,  Pelican  Creek.     Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

LENTIBULARIACE^l. 

Utricularia  vulgaris,  L. 

Common  in  lake  sloughs  and  sluggish  streams.  Lewis  Lake,  Heart 
Lake,  Broad  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt.;  Head  of  Yellowstone  Lake  (Parry). 

LABIATE. 

Mentha  Canadensis,  L. 

Common  throughout  in  wet  places  at  low  elevations. 

Mentha  Canadensis,  L.,  var.  glabrata,  Benth. 
With  the  typical  form. 


FLORA  OP  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.        59 

Lycopus  Virginicus,  L.,  var.  pauciflorus,  Benth.  (L.humilis,  Vahl.). 

About  hot  springs.  Yellowstone  Lake,  Upper  and  Lower  Geyser 
basins.  Norris  Geyser  Basin.  The  filiform  runners  covered  with 
small  tubers. 

Brunella  vulgaris,  L. 

About  hot  springs  with  the  preceding. 

Dracocephalum  parviflorum,  Nutt. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6300  ft.  alt.;  Hot  Sulphur  Springs  (Adams). 
Not  common. 

PLANTAGINACEiE. 

Plantago  Tweedyi,  Gray  in  Suppl.  Flor.  N.  A.  390. 

Grassy  rich  meadows  north  end  of  Mirror  Lake  Plateau,  8500-9000  ft. 
alt. 

NYCTAGINACE^. 

Abronia  villosa,  Wats. 

Sandy  beaches  of  Yellowstone  Lake  at  mouth  of  Pelican  Creek. 

CHENOPODIACE.EJ. 

Chenopodium  olidum,  Wats. 

Turbid  Lake,  7900  ft.  alt. ;  Stevenson  Island,  Yellowstone  Lake. 

Chenopodium  glaucum,  L. 

On  hot  spring  formation.  Yellowstone  Lake  and  Upper  Geyser 
Basin. 

Chenopodium  Fremontii,  Wats. 

Rather  common  in  dry  situations  up  to  8000  ft.  alt. 

Chenopodium  leptophyllum,  Nutt. 
With  the  preceding. 

Chenopodium  capitatum,  Wats. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6400  ft.  alt. ;  Turbid  Lake,  7900  ft.  alt.  Yel- 
lowstone Lake  (Adams). 

Monolepis  chenopodioides,  Moq. 

Turbid  Lake,  7900  ft.  alt. ;  Yellowstone  Lake.     In  muddy  places. 

Eurotia  lanata,  Moq. 

Dry  benches.     Gardner,  5300  ft.  alt. 

Salicornia  herbacea,  L. 

Lower  Geyser  Basin  (Coulter). 


60  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

POLYGONACE.2E. 

Eriogonum  umbellatum,  Torr. 

Grassy  slopes  and  dry  banks.     Very  common  throughout  up  to  8000 
ft.  alt. 

Eriogonum  heracleoides,  Nutt. 

With  the  preceding,  but  less  common.- 

Eriogonum  flavum,  Nutt. 

Common  over  the  hot  spring  areas  throughout. 

Eriogonum  csespitosum,  Nutt. 

Rocky,  bare  slopes.     Sepulchre  Mountain,  8500  ft.  alt. 

Eriogonum  ovalifolium,  Nutt. 

Common  throughout,  from  dry  rocky  ridges  and  benches  at"  low  eleva- 
tions, 5400  ft.  alt.,  to  subalpine  and  alpine. 

Oxyria  digyna,  Campdera. 

Rocky,  wet  places,  subalpine  and  alpine.     Swan  Lake,  7400  ft.  alt. 

Rumex  venosus,  Pursh. 

Sandy  bluffs  at  outlet  and  Stevenson  Island,  Yellowstone  Lake. 

Rumex  salicifolius,  Weinman. 

Sandy  shores  and  wet  meadows.     Rather  common. 

Rumex  maritimus,  L. 

Frequent  in  alkaline  marshes. 

Rumex  paucifolius,  Nutt. 

Common  in  high  meadows  and  bogs,  8000-9500  ft.  alt. 

Polygonum  aviculare,  L. 

Sand  beaches,  Yellowstone  Lake  at  mouth  of  Pelican  Creek. 

Polygonum  Douglasii,  Greene  {P.  tenue,  Michx.). 
Common  in  dry  places  up  to  8500  ft.  alt. 

Polygonum  Douglasii,  var.  latifolium,  Greene  (P.  tenue,  Michx.,  var.  hit i [folium, 
Engelm.). 

Rocky  subalpine  ridges,  Bison  Peak,  9000  ft.  alt.;  Mt.  Norris,  8000 
ft.  alt. 

Polygonum  imbricatum,  Nutt. 

Moist  places.     Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7400  ft.  alt. ;  Slough  Creek,  GG00 
ft.  alt.;  East  Pelican  Creek,  8400  ft.  alt.     Frequent. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  61 

Polygonum  polygaloides,  Meisner. 

Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  7200  ft.  alt. 

Polygonum  amphibium,  L. 

Common  in  ponds  about  Yellowstone  Lake.    Bioad  Creek,  8300  ft.  alt. 

Polygonum  Muhlenbergii,  Wats. 
Red  Mountain  (Coulter). 

Polygonum  Bistorta,  L. 

Bogs  and  meadows,  7500-9500  ft.  alt.  Extremely  common  in  subal- 
pine  meadows.     The  common  form  is  var.  linearifolium,  Wats. 

Polygonum  viviparum,  L. 

With  the  preceding,  but  much  less  common.  Indian  Creek,  8000  ft. 
alt.;  Cache  Creek,  7400  ft.  alt.;  Firehole  River  (Coulter);  Yellowstone 
Falls  (Adams). 

ELiEAGNACE^l. 

Elaeagnus  argentea,  Pursh. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs.     Rare. 

Shepherdia  Canadensis,  Nutt. 

Bell  Peak,  8400  ft.  alt. ;  Cache  Creek,  7C00  ft.  alt.  Yellowstone  Lake 
(Adams). 

LORANTHACEJE. 

Arceuthobium  Americanum,  Nutt. 
Common  on  Pinus  Murrayana. 

SANTALACE.SS. 

Comandra  pallida,  A.  DC. 

Dry  banks,  common  up  to  8000  ft.  alt. 

EUPHORBIACEiE. 

Euphorbia  serpyllifolia,  Pers. 

Common  on  the  formation  of  the  Geyser  Basins. 

Euphorbia  glyptosperma,  Engelin. 
Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

Euphorbia  dictyosperma,  Fisch.  &  Meyer. 
Yellowstone  (Forwood). 


62  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

CALLITRICHACEiE. 

Callitriche  verna,  L. 

Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams) . 

Callitriche  autumnalis,  L. 

Submersed  in  ponds  and  sluggish  streams  up  to  8000  ft.  alt.    Common. 

CERATOPHYLLACE^E. 

Ceratophyllum  demersum,  L. 

Frequent  in  sluggish  streams  and  lake  sloughs  throughout  up  to  8500 
ft.  alt. 

URTICACE^. 

TTrtica  gracilis,  Ait. 

Borders  of  woods.     Slough  Creek,  6600  ft.  alt. ;  East  Pelican  Creek, 
8500  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

CUPULIPER^B. 

Betula  occidentalis,  Hook. 

Gardiner,  5300ft.  alt. ;  Cache  Creek,  7000  ft.  alt.  Along  streams.  Rare. 

Betula  glandulosa,  Michx. 

Bogs  from  7500-9000  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Alnus  viridis,  DC. 

Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 
Alnus  incana,  Willd.,  var.  virescens. 

Wooded  slopes,  Pebble  Creek,  8500  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

SALICINEJE. 

Salix  longifolia,  Muhl. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6400  ft.  alt.     A  fo:m  with  generally  smooth 
capsules  and  scales.     Not  common. 

Salix  cordata,  Muhl.,  var.  Mackenziana,  Hook. 

Rescue  Creek,  Mt.  Evarts,  7500  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

Salix  glauca,  L.  (a  form). 

Bogs  and  along  streams,  from  6500-8500  ft.  alt.     Frequent. 

Salix  glaucops,  Anders. 

Subalpine,  Mt.  Washburne,  9000  ft.  alt. 

Salix  desertorum,  Richards,  var.  Wolfli,  Bebb. 

Bogs  and  streams,  common  throughout,  up  to  8500  ft.  alt 

Salix  arctica,  It.  Br.,  var.  petraea,  Anders. 

Alpine  slopes  and  summits.     Frequent. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  63 

Salix  reticulata,  L. 

With  the  preceding,  but  more  common. 

Populus  tremuloides,  Michx. 

Along  streams  and  in  small  groves  over  moist  slopes,  up  to  8000  ft.  alt. 

Populus  angustifolia,  James. 

Cache  Creek,  7000  ft.  alt.     Rare. 

ORCHIDACEiE. 

Corallorhiza  multiflora,  Nutt. 
Shoshone  Lake  (Coulter). 

Corallorhiza  innata,  R.  Br. 

Moist  woods,  rather  common.     Swan  Lake,  7400  ft.  alt.;    Gibbon 
Meadows,  7400  ft.  alt.;  Lewis  Lake,  7600  ft.  alt. 

Habenaria  Un  alas  chen  sis,  Wats. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6500  ft.  alt.;  Cache  Creek,  7200  ft.  alt.     In 
moist  woods,  rare. 

Habenaria  hyperborea,  R.  Br. 

Open  and  wooded  bogs,  from  7500-8500  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Habenaria  dilatata,  Gray. 
With  the  preceding. 

Habenaria  obtusata,  Richardson. 

Mossy  woods,  Soda  Butte  Creek,  7200  ft.  alt.,  with  Lister  a. 
Spiranthes  Romanzomana,  Cham. 

Bogs  and  moist  meadows  throughout,  up  to  8500  ft.  alt. 
Listera  convallarioides,  Nutt. 

Mossy  pine  woods,  Soda  Butte  Creek,  7200  ft.  alt.    Rare. 
Listera  cordata,  R.  Br. 

With  the  preceding  and  more  common.     Gibbon  Meadows,  7400  ft  alt. 

IRIDACEA 

Iris  Missouriensis,  Nutt. 

Rescue  Creek,  Mt.  Evarts,  7000  ft.  alt.     Rare. 
Sisyrinchium  mucronatum,  Michx. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.;  Pelican  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt.;  Up- 
per Yellowstone  Falls  (Adams). 


64  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

LILIACEJE. 

Allium  Schcenoprasum,  L. 

Bogs,  from  6500  (Slough  Creek)  to  8500  ft.  alt.     Frequent. 

Allium  brevistylum,  Wats. 

With  the  preceding,  but  ranging  higher,  and  generally  common 
throughout.     Often  in  open  moist  woods. 

Allium  cernuum,  Roth. 

Dry  open  places,  up  to  8000  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Allium  stellatum,  Fraser. 
Mud  Springs  (Adams). 

Allium  Geyeri,  Wats. 

Rocky  wet  benches,  East  Fork,  6400  ft.  alt. 

Allium  Tolmiei,  Baker. 

Rocky  bare  subalpine  ridges.  Bison  Peak,  8500  ft.  alt.;  Mt.  Wash- 
burne,  9000  ft.  alt. 

Smilacina  stellata,  Desf. 

Moist  copses,  up  to  8000  ft.  alt.     Frequent. 

Fritillaria  atropurpurea,  Nutt. 

Wooded  slopes,  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6400  ft.  alt.;  Grassy  ridges 
Sepulchre  Mountain,  8000  ft.  alt.  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams).  Rather 
rare. 

Fritillaria  pudica,  Spreng. 

Sepulchre  Mountain,  8500  ft.  alt.;  Mt.  Washburne,  9000  ft.  alt. 

Erythronium  grandiflorum,  Pursh. 
Swan  Lake,  7500  ft.  alt. 

Lloydia  serotina,  Reichenb. 

Volcanic  slides,  East  Fork,  8000  ft.  alt. 

Calochortus  Nuttallii,  Torr.  and  Gray. 
Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

Calochortus  eurycarpus,  Wats. 

Yellowstone  (Parry).     Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

Streptopus  amplexifolius,  DC. 

Woods,  Pelican  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt. ;  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone 
(Adams). 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  65 

Prosartes  trachycarpa,  Wats. 

Timbered  slopes.     Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6500  ft.  alt. 

Zygadenus  elegans,  Pursh. 

Bogs,  60C0-8500  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Zygadenus  venenosus,  Wats. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs.     Rare. 

JUNCACE^I. 

Luzula  spadicea,  DC,  var.  parviflora,  Meyer. 

Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  7000-9000  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Luzula  comosa,  Meyer. 

Indian  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.  ;  Cache  Creek,  7500  ft.  alt. 

Luzula  campestris,  DC. 

Grassy  slopes,  7500-9500  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Luzula  spicata,  Desv. 

On  high  alpine  summits.     Common  throughout. 

Juncus  Balticus,  Deth.,  var.  montanus,  Engelm. 

Bogs  and  along  streams  up  to  8000  ft.  alt.     Common. 

Juncus  Drummondii,  E.  Meyer. 
With  the  preceding 

Juncus  Parryi,  Engelm. 

Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams). 

Juncus  tenuis,  Willd.,  var.  congestus,  Engelm. 

Muddy  sliore  of  Turbid  Lake,  7900  ft.  alt.  ;   Lower  Geyser  Basin 
(Coulter);  Mud  Springs  (Adams). 

Juncus  bufonius,  L. 

Turbid  Lake  and  the  Geyser  Basins. 

Juncus  longistylis,  Torr.  and  Cray. 

Wet  places.     Common  from  7000  9000  ft.  alt. 

Juncus  Canadensis,  J.  Gay,  var.  coarctatus,  Engelm. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6400  ft.  alt.     Mud  Springs  (Adams). 

Junous  Mertensianus,  Meyer. 

East  Fork,  7500  ft.  alt.;  Slouch  Creek,  6500  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  Lake 
and  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams). 


66  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Juncus  Nevadensis,  Wats. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6400  ft.  alt. 

Juncus  xiphioides,  Meyer,  var.  montanus,  Engelm. 
Common  throughout  up  to  8000  ft.  alt. 

TYPHACEJE. 

Typha  latifolia,  L. 

Head  of  Yellowstone  Lake  (Parry). 

Sparganium  simplex,  Hudson,  var.  angustifolium,  Engelm. 
Ponds  and  streams  throughout  up  to  8000  ft.  alt. 

LEMNACEJE. 

Lemna  trisulca,  L. 

Ponds  and  streams  throughout,  up  t©  8000  ft.  alt.     Very  common  in 
the  Geyser  Basins. 

Lemna  minor,  L. 

With  the  preceding. 

Lemna  gibba,  L. 

Ponds,  head  of  Broad  Creek,  8500  ft.  alt. 

ALISMAlCEJE. 

Sagittaria  variabilis,  Engelm. 

Gibbon  Lakes,  8000  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  Lake  ;  Lewis  Lake.     Rather 
common,  but  rarely  flowering. 

NAIADACEiE. 

Zanichellia  palustris,  L. 

Yellowstone  Lake  (Parry — Adams). 

Ruppia  maritima,  L. 

Common  in  the  sluggish  streams  and  waterholes  of  the  hot  springs 
and  geyser  areas. 

Potamogeton  rufescens,  Schrad. 

Hot  Sulphur  Springs  (Adams). 

Potamogeton  gramineus,  L.,  var.  maximus,  L. 

Ponds  and  streams  throughout,  up  to  8000  ft.  alt. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  67 

Potamogeton  perfoliatus,  L. 
With  the  preceding. 

Potamogeton  pectinatus,  L. 

Common,  especially  in  the  streams  of  the  hot  springs  and  geyser  areas. 

Potamogeton  pectinatus,  L.,  var.  latifolins,  Robbing. 
"With  the  preceding. 

Triglochin  maritimum,  L. 

Common  in  the  bogs  of  the  hot  springs  and  geyser  areas. 

CYPERACE^J. 

Eriophorum  russeolum,  Fries. 

Bogs  about  head  of  Sour  Creek,  8500  ft.  alt.     "The  nearest  other 
known  localities  are  Hudson's  Bay  and  Sitka,  Alaska"  (Watson). 

Eriophorum  polystachyum,  L. 

Rather  rare  in  bogs,  from  7500-8500  ft.  alt. 

Eleocharis  acicularis,  R.  Br. 
Turbid  Lake,  7900  ft.  alt. 

Eleocharis  palustris,  R.  Br. 

Rather  common  in  wet  places  over  the  hot  spring  and  geyser  areas. 

Eleocharis  olivacea,  Torr. 

With  the  preceding,  but  rather  rare.     Hot  streams,  East  Fork  of  the 
Firehole  River,  8000  ft.  alt.;  Mud  Springs  (Adams). 
Carex  scirpoidea,  Michx. 

High  alpine  summits,  North  Fork  of  Stinkingwater,  10,700  ft.  alt. 

Carex  Geyeri,  Boott. 

Slough  Creek,  6500  ft.  alt. ;  Mirror  Lake  Flateau,  8500  ft.  alt, 

Carex  concinna,  R.  Br. 

Pine  woods,  Slough  Creek,  6500  ft.  alt. 

Carex  aurea,  Nutt. 

Gardiner,  5300  ft.  alt.;  Firehole  River  (Coulter). 

Carex  longirostris,  Torr. 

Grassy  thickets,  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6000  ft.  alt.    Rare. 

Carex  utriculata,  Boott,  var.  minor,  Sartwell. 

Common  from  7000-8000  ft.  alt.     Generally  in  water. 


68  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Carex  utriculata,  Boott,  var.  globosa,  Olney. 
With  the  preceding. 

Carex  aquatilis,  Wahl. 

Yellowstone  (Parry);  Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  (Adams). 

Carex  vulgaris,  Fries. 

Indian  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.;  Mt.  Washburne,  8500  ft.  alt. ;  Yellowstone 
(Parry). 

Carex  rigida,  Good. 

Bogs  and  mountain  slopes  from  8000-9500  ft.  alt.     Frequent. 

Carex  acuta,  L. 

Blacktail  Deer  Creek,  alt.  7400  ft. ;  Yellowstone  Lake,  alt.  7800  ft. 

Carex  Raynoldsii,  Dew. 

Common  in  mountain  bogs  from  7500-9000  ft.  alt. 

Carex  atrata,  L. 

With  the  preceding. 

Carex  alpina,  Swartz. 

Wooded  bogs.     Soda  Butte  Creek,  alt.  7500  ft.    Rare. 

Carex  muricata,  L. 

Common  in  bogs  and  meadows  from  7000-8500  ft.  alt. 

Carex  siccata,  Dew. 

Mud  Springs  (Adams). 

Carex  vitilis,  Fries. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6300  ft.  alt.;  Obsidian  Canon,  7500  ft.  alt. 
Yellowstone  (Parry). 

Carex  Bonplandii,  Kunth.? 

Yellowstone  (Parry).     Coulter's  Manual,  p.  395. 

Carex  festiva,  Dew. 

Common  in  meadows  fiom  7000-9000  ft.  alt. 

Carex  leporina,  L. 

Red  Mountain  (Coulter). 

Carex  Liddoui,  Boott. 

Meadows.     Mirror  Lake  Plateau,  8500-9000  ft.  alt. 

Carex  globosa,  Boott. 

With  the  preceding,  but  less  frequent. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  TARK.  69 

GRAMINEiE. 

Note  — The  numbers  appended  to  the  species  below  are  those  under 
which  the  author's  specimens  have  been  distributed.  Mr.  F.  L.  Scribner 
will  shortly  publish  in  the  "Botanical  Gazette"  critical  notes  on  the 
author's  collections  of  1884  and  1885. 

Panicum  dichotomum,  L.,  var.  pubescens  (P.  thermale,  Bol.). 

Very  common  over  the  hot  spring  and  geyser  areas  (263,580) . 

Spartina  gracilis,  Trin. 

"In  both  Geyser  Basins"  (Coulter). 

Phalaris  arundinacea,  L. 

Bogs.  Yellowstone  Lake  (579) ;  Upper  Canon  of  the  Madison  (Coulter). 
Rare. 

Hierochloa  borealis,  R.  and  S. 

Rather  common  in  mountain  meadows  from  8000-9000  ft.  alt,  (648). 

Alopecurus  occidentalis,  Scribn.  (A.  pratensis,  var.  alpestris,  Wahl.  ex  Gray). 
Frequent  in  mountain  meadows  from  7500-9000  ft.  alt.     Associated 
with  the  preceding  and  Pldeum  alpinum  (591). 

Alopecurus  geniculatus,  L.,  var.  aristulatus,  Torr.  (A.  aristulatus,  Michx.). 
Muddy  shores  of  ponds  and  banks  of  streams.    Cache  Creek,  68-0  ft. 
alt.;  Turbid  Lake,  7900  ft.  alt.  (592). 

Aristida  fasciculata,  Torr.  {A.  purpurea,  Nutt.). 

Hot  Sulphur  Springs  and  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

Stipa  viridula,  Trin. 

Common  everywhere  over  the  dry  open  areas  up  to  8000  ft.  alt.  (262., 
609,  613). 

Stipa  Richardsonii,  Link. 

Soda  Butte  Creek,  6800  ft.  alt.     With  the  preceding,  but  much  less 
common  (611). 

Stipa  comata,  Trin.  and  Rupr.,  var.  intermedia,  Scribn. 

Throughout  with  8.  viridula  ;  rather  less  frequent  (610). 

Oryzopsis  asperifolia,  Michx. 

Pine  woods,  Soda  Butte  Creek,  alt.  7500.     Rare  (615). 

Oryzopsis  exigua,  Thurb. 

On  rocky  bare  knolls  along  Slough  Creek,  alt.  6700  ft.     Rare  (614). 


70  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Oryzopsis  cuspidata,  Benth. 

Sparingly  over  the  lower  and  dryer  open  areas. 

Muhlenbergia  comata,  Benth. 

Upper  Geyser  Basin  (Coulter). 

Phleum  alpinum,  L. 

Bogs  and  meadows,  very  common  from  8000-9000  ft.  alt.  (649). 

Sporobolus  depauperatus,  Scribn.  (  Vilfa  depauperata,  Torr.). 
Yellowstone  Lake  (590);  Upper  Geyser  Basin  (Coulter). 

Sporobolus  asperifolius,  Thurb. 

Frequent  in  arid  situations  at  low  altitudes. 

Agrostis  varians,  Trin. 

Common  in  moist  places,  up  to  9000  ft.  alt.   (605). 

Agrostis  scabra,  Willd. 

Dry  meadows  and  open  slopes.     Very  common,  up  to  8000  ft.  alt. 
(258,  606,  607,  608). 

Agrostis  exarata,  Trin.,  var. 

Pelican  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt. ;   Wooded  bogs  and  along  streams.     Not 
common  (604). 

Agrostis  humilis,  Vasey. 

Common  in  cool  mossy  bogs  and  mountain  meadows,  7000-9030  ft. 
alt.  (259,  603). 

Agrostis  perennans,  Tuck. 

Lower  Geyser  Basin   (Coulter)  ;    Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone 
(Adams). 

Cinna  pendula,  Trin.  (C.  arundinacea,  L.,  var.  pendula,  Gray). 

Wooded  bogs  and  streams.     East  Fork,  8600  ft.  alt..     Rare  (581). 

Deyeuxia  Langsdorffii,  Kunth. 

Common  in  wooded  and  open  mountain  meadows  an  1  bogs,  7000-9000 
ft.  alt.  (248). 

Deyeuxia  Canadensis,  ITook. 
With  the  preceding  (584). 

Deyeuxia  dubia,  Scribn.,  n.  sp. 

Meadows,  Slough  Creek,  6700  ft.  alt.  (585). 

Deyeuxia  sylvatica,  DC. 

Upper  Yellowstone  Falls  (Adams). 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  7  I 

Deyeuxia  neglecta,  Kunth. 

Meadows  and  slopes,  from  7000-9000  ft.  a't.  Generally  in  rather  dry 
situations  (253,  582,  583). 

Ammophila  longifolia,  Benth. 

Yellowstone  Park  (Forwood). 

Deschampsia  caespitosa,  Beauv. 

Dry  and  moist  meadows  and  slopes,  from  7000-9000  ft.  alt.  Very 
common  (616). 

Trisetum  subspicatum,  Beauv. 

Common  in  meadows,  from  7000-9000  ft.  alt.  At  low  eLvations,  in 
moist  or  shaded  situations  (619). 

Trisetum  subspicatum,  Beauv.,  var.  molle,  Gray. 
With  the  preceding  (618). 

Trisetum  Wolfii,  Vasey  (Graphephorum  Wolfii,  Vasey). 

Moist  meadows,  generally  in  the  shade,  from  7000-9000  ft.  alt.  Rather 
frequent  and  associated  with  Deyeuxia  Canadensis  and  Bromus  ciliatus 
(249,  250,  617). 

Avena  striata,  Michx. 

Wooded  moist  meadows  and  bogs.  Slough  Creek,  6800  ft.  alt. ;  Soda 
Butte  Creek,  7200  ft.  alt.     Not  common  (612). 

Danthonia  intermedia,  Vasey. 

Rather  common  in  dry  and  moist  meadows,  from  7500-9000  ft.  alt. 
(269,  597). 

Danthonia  Californica,  Boland,  var.  unispicata,  Thurb. 

Dry  rocky  open  places,  Slough  Creek,  6500  ft.  alt.     Rare  (596). 

Koeleria  cristata,  Pers. 

Common  everywhere  in  dry  situations,  up  to  8000  ft.  alt   (260). 

Catabrosa  aquatica,  P.  B. 

In  water,  Gardiner  River,  5400  ft.  alt.     Rare  (577). 

Melica  spectabile,  Scribn.,  Proc.  Philad.  Acad.,  1885,  p.  45. 

Common  in  rich  meadows  and  on  slopes  near  the  upper  limit  of  the 
"bunch  grass"  areas,  especially  from  7000-9000  ft.  alt.  (208,  601,  602), 

Melica  Californica,  Scribn.    Loc.  cit.,  p.  46. 
Mud  Springs  (Adams). 

Poa  Andina,  Nutt.  ? 

Dry  open  places,  Slough  Creek,  6700  ft.  alt.  (631). 


72  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Poa  tenuifolia,  Buckl. 

Everywhere  over  the  lower  dry  areas,  one  of  the  principal  "bunch 
grasses,"  and  frequent  on  subalpine  slopes  (632,  637). 

Poa  alpina,  L. 

From  6500  ft.  alt.  to  alpine.     At  low  elevations  in  cool,  moist  situa- 
tions (627,  628). 

Poa  Pringlei,  Scribn. 

In  dense  tufts  in  compact  dry  soil  on  exposed  rocky  lidges  from  8000- 
9500  ft.  alt.  (633). 

Poa  cuspidata,  Vasey,  ined. 

Dry  meadows  along  Slough  Creek,  6500  ft.  alt.  (636). 

Poa  Pattersoni,  Vasey,  ined. 

On  slides  and  in  crevices  of  rocks.     Soda  Butte  Creek,  8500  ft.  alt. 
(634). 

Poa  reflexa,  V.  and  S. 

Alpine  slopes  (274  and  638  in  part). 

Poa  acuminata,  Scribn.,  n.  sp. 

Common  in  cold  meadows  and  bogs,  and  lets  so  on  alpine  and  sub- 
alpine slopes  from  7000-10,000  ft.  alt.  (639). 

Poa  laevis,  Vasey,  ined. 

Sandy  bluffs  at  outlet  of  Yellowstone  Lake,  7800  ft.  alt.  (643). 

Poa  Nevadensis,  Vasey. 

A  characteristic  species  of  moist  meadows  and  bogs  from  7500-9000 
ft.  alt.     The  glaucous  form  more  frequent  in  bogs  (276,  642,  645). 

Poa  nemoralis,  L. 

Rather  dry  meadows  and  banks  from  7000  9000  ft.  alt.  (275,  640,  647). 

Poa  pratensis,  L. 

Meadows  and  bogs  from  5500-8500  ft.  alt.     Common  at  low  elevations 
(254,  646). 

Poa  Vaseyana,  Scribn.,  ined. 

Wet  places  at  low  elevations.     Not  common  (C44). 

Glyceria  airoides,  Thurb. 

Frequent  on  hot  spring  and  geyser  formation  (271,  595) . 

Glyceria  nervata,  Trin. 

Rather  rare  along  shaded  watercourses.     Miller  Creek,  7200  ft.  alt. 
(593;;  East  Pelican  Creek,  8500  ft.  alt.     Shoshone  Lake  (Coulter). 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  73 

Glyceria  nervata,  Trin.,  var.  stricta,  Scribn. 

Open  bogs.     Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6200  ft.  alt.  (594). 

Glyceria  aquatica,  Smith. 

Upper  Yellowstone  Falls  (Adams). 

Glyceria  pauciflora,  Presl. 

Rather  frequent  in  open  and  woocled  bogs  from  7500-9000  ft.  alt. 
(267). 

Festuca  ovina,  L. 

Meadows  and  slopes  from  7000-9000  ft  alt.     Very  common,  especially 
above  8000  ft.  alt.,  in  a  great  variety  of  forms. 

Festuca  ovina,  L.,  var.  brevifolia,  Wats. 

High  alpine  summits.     Upper  East  Foik,  10,700  ft.  alt.  (635). 

Festuca  confinis,  Vasey  ( Poa  ?  Kvngii,  Wats.). 

Rocky  open  hillsides.     Soda  Butte  Creek,  8500  ft.  alt.  (578). 

Bromus  Kalmii,  Gray. 

Rather  common  in  rich  meadows  and  open  woods  from  6-100  8500  ft. 
alt.  (266,  265,  538). 

Bromus  breviaristatus,  Buckl. 

Common  over  the  upper  "bunch  grass"  areas  and  up  to  8500  ft.  alt. 

(264). 

Bromus  virens,  Buckl.  [Cercttochloa  grandijlora,  H.  B.  K.). 
Open  slopes.     Soda  Butte,  7000  ft.  alt,  (586). 

Bromus  Pumpellianus,  Scribn.,  ined. 

Dry  open  places  on  the  borders  of  woods.     Slough  Creek  and  Soda 
Butte  Creek,  6000-7000  ft.  alt.     Not  common  (587). 

Bromus  ciliatus,  L.  ? 

Shaded  bogs  and  meadows  from  6500-8.~00  ft.  alt.  (589). 

Agropyrum  caninum,  L. 

Common  over  the  " bunch  grass"  areas  (625). 

Agropyrum  divergens,  Nees. 

Common  with  the  preceding  (622,  623). 

Agropyrum  tenerum,  Vasey. 

Generally  in  more  moist  situations  and  at  higher  elevations  than  the 
two  preceding  species  (251). 


74  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Agropyrum  repens,  Beauv. 

Pelican  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.  (624);  Upper  Geyser  Basin  (Coulter);  Yel- 
lowstone Lake  (Adams). 

Agropyrum  Scribneri,  Vasey. 

Rocky  alpine  and  subalpine  ridges  and  summits  from  9000-10,500  ft. 
alt.     Generally  distributed,  but  nowhere  very  common  (270,  620). 

Hordeum  nodosum,  L.  {H.  pratense,  Huds.). 

Rather  frequent  in  moist  meadows  from  7500-9000  ft.  alt.  (247,  598). 

Hordeum  jubatum,  L. 

Upper  Geyser  Basin  (Coulter).     Yellowstone  Park  (Forwood). 

Elymus  Sibiricus,  L. 

Upper  Geyser  Basin  (Coulter). 

Elymus  Sitanion,  Schult. 

Common  over  the  open  dry  areas  up  to  7000  ft.  alt.  (626). 

CONIFERiE. 

Juniperus  communis,  L.,  var.  alpina,  Gaud. 

Rocky  bare  slopes,  up  to  8000  ft.  alt.,  especially  over  the  hot  spring 
and  geyser  areas.     Not  common. 

Juniperus  Virginiana,  L. 

Common  over  the  formation  of  the  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  with 
Pinus  flexilis,  and  along  Gardiner  River,  for  a  few  miles  above  its  mouth. 

Abies  subalpina,  Engelm. 

Common  throughout,  from  6500-9500  ft.  alt. 

Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  Carr. 

Common  up  to  9000  ft.  alt.     Forming  a  scattered  growth  on  the  lower 
and  dryer  ridges. 

Picea  Engelmanni,  Engelm. 

Associated  with  Abies  subalpina. 

Pinus  flexilis,  James. 

Common  on  gravelly  ridges,  from  7500  ft.  alt.,  to  the  timber  line. 

Pinus  albioaulis,  Engelm. 

With  the  preceding,  but  ranging  higher.     The  timber-line  tree. 

Pinus  Murrayana,  Balf. 

Common  everywhere.     Forming  65  per  cent,  of  the  forest  area. 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK.  75 

PTERIDOPHYTA  (Vascular  Cryptogams). 

ISOET.EI. 

Isoetes  Bolanderi,  Etigelm. 

Muddy  and  gravelly  bottom  of  lakes  and  ponds  throughout,   up  to 
9000  ft.  alt. 

Isoetes  pygmaea,  Etigelm.? 

Washed  up  on  the  shore  of  Yellowstone  Lake,  near  mouth  of  Pelican 
Creek.     Probably  deeply  submerged. 

LYCOPODIACE^. 

Lycopodium  annotinum,  L. 

Dense  woods.    East  Fork,  8500  ft.  alt.     Upper  Falls  of  the  Yellow- 
stone (Adams).     Rare. 

RHIZOCARPE^. 

Marsilia  vestita,  Hook,  and  Grev. 
Yellowstone  Lake  (Coulter). 

OPHIOGLOSSACEJE. 

Botrychium  simplex,  Hitchcock. 

Grassy  meadows  near  mouth  of  Pelican  Creek,  8000  ft.  alt.;  Yellow- 
stone Park  (Parry).     Rare. 

Botrychium  ternatum,  Swartz,  var.  australe,  Eaton. 

Rather  common  on  hot  spring  and  geyser  formation  throughout. 

FILICES. 

Cryptogramme  acrostichoides,  B.  Br. 

Rocky  places.     Slough  Creek,  6700  ft.  alt.;  Obsidian  Canon,  7700  ft. 
alt.;  Shoshone  Lake  and  Lower  Geyser  Basin  (Coulter).     Local. 

Pteris  aquilina,  L. 

Dry  open  places,  chiefly  about  the  hot  spring  areas. 

Asplenium  Filix-fcemina,  Bernh. 

Wooded  cold  springs  at  head  of  Broad  Creek,  8200  ft.  alt. 

Cystopteris  fragilis,  Bernh. 

Rather  common  in  shaded  rocky  places.     ' 


76  FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

Woodsia  scopulina,  Eaton. 

Rocky  places.  Rattier  common.  Obsidian  Canon,  7600  ft.  alt. ;  Mt. 
Wasliburne,  8500  ft.  alt.;  Saddle  Mt.,  8500  ft.  alt.  ;  Upper  Falls  of  the 
Yellowstone  (Adams). 

Woodsia  Oregana,  Eaton. 
With  the  preceding. 

EQUISETACEJE. 

Equisetum  arvense,  L. 

Swan  Lake,  7400  ft.  alt.;  Yellowstone  Lake  (Adams). 

Equisetum  robustum,  Braun. 

Hot  Sulphur  Springs  (Adams). 

Equisetum  hiemale,  L. 

Swan  Lake,  7500  ft.  alt. 

Equisetum  variegatum,  Schleicher. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  6300  ft.  alt.;  Lower  Geyser  Basin  (Coulter). 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 


77 


SUMMARY. 


< 

W 

ORDERS. 

m 

5 

o 

p-i 
m 

5 

Banunculaceae , 

12 

27 

Berber  idaceae, 

1 

1 

Nymphaeaceae, 

1 

2 

Fumoriaceae, 

1 

1 

7 

Crucijerae, 
Violaceae, 

13 

1 

26 
4 

14 

Garyophyllaceae,  . 

Portulacaceas, 

Elatinaceae, 

Malvaceae,    . 

Linaceae, 

Geraniaceas, 

Bhamnaceae, 

Sapindacese, 

6 
4 

1 
2 

1 
2 
2 
1 

16 
5 
2 
2 

1 
4 
2 
1 

4 

LeguminosaSj 

5 

28 

9 

Bosaceae, 

12 

23 

8 

Saxifragaceas, 
Crassulaceae, 
Halorageae,  . 

6 
2 
2 

25 
4 
2 

12 

Onagraceae, 
Loasaceae,    . 

3 

1 

17 

1 

15 

Umbelliferae, 
Cornaceas,    . 

9 

14 
2 

24 

Caprifoliaceas, 
Bubiaceae,     . 

6 
5 

25 

Valerianaceae, 

2 

1 

Compositas,  . 
Lobeliaceae,  . 
Campanulaceas, 

38 

108 
1 
1 

11 

Ericaceae,     . 

11 

17 

25 

Primulaceae, 

5 

25 

Gentianaceae, 

3 

5 

17 

Polemoniaceas, 

3 

13 

24 

Hydrophyllaceas, 

3 

6 

18 

Borraginaceae, 

5 

12 

3 

Scrophulariaceae, 

9 

32 

78 


FLORA  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 


L 

< 

GO 

ORDERS. 

O 

Ph 

Orobanchaceae, 

1 

2 

Lentibulariaceae, 

, 

1 

1 

Labiatae, 

4 

4 

Plantaginaceae, 

1 

1 

Nyctaginaceae, 

1 

1 

21 

Chenopodiaceae , 

4 

8 

10 

Polygonaceae, 

Elaeaginaceae, 

Loranthaceae, 

Santalaceae, 

Euphorbiaceae. 

Gallitrichaceae, 

Ceratophyllaceae, 

Urticaceae,    . 

Cupuliferae, 

4 
2 
I 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 

18 
2 
1 
1 
3 
2 
1 
1 
4 

20 

Salicineae,     . 

2 

8 

19 

Orchidaceae, 
Iridaceae, 

4 
•2 

9 
2 

13 

Liliaceas, 

9 

16 

16 

Juncaceas,    . 
Typhaceae,    . 
Lemnaceae,  . 
Alismaceae,  . 

2 
2 

1 
1 

14 
2 
3 

1 

23 

Naiadaceae, . 

4 

7 

6 

Cyperaceae,  . 

3 

26 

2 

Gramineae,  . 

29 

72 

22 

Conifer  ae,    . 

Isoetae, 

Lycopodiaceae, 

Rhizocarpeae, 

Orphioglossaceae, 

5 
1 

1 
1 
1 

8 
2 
1 

1 
2 

24 

Filices, 
Equisetaceae, 

5 
1 

6 
4 

273 

657 

Orders,     ...       69 

Genera,    ...     273 

Species,     .    .    .     657 

Note. — Those  orders  which  form  about  one  per  cent,  or  over  of  the 
flora,  have  numbers  prefixed,  indicating  their  approximate  rank. 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


RENEWED  BOOKS  ARE  SUBJECT  TO  IMMEDIATE 
RECALL 


LIBRARY,  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  DAVIS 

Book  Slip-25m-6,'66(G3855s4)458 


V 


PAMPHLET  BINDER 

Syracuse,  N.  Y.  ' 
Stockton,  Calif. 


N°-  190998 

Tweedy,   F. 
Flora  of   the 

QK195 
T9 

Yellowstone  National 

Park. 

LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

DAVIS 

m 


